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SECOND JEWISH REVOLT*
This Bar-Kochba Revolt, so-called after its leader, lasted from AD 131 to 135. The cause was twofold: (1) the emperor Hadrian made circumcision a crime punishable by death; and (2) he decided to rebuild Jerusalem and erect a shrine to Zeus on the derelict temple site. This incensed Jewish fury.
Bar-Kochba—whose name means “son of a star” and was therefore believed to be the “star out of Jacob” (Nm 24:17)—was hailed by many Jews as the Messiah. His guerrilla warfare tactics involved Jews and Romans in colossal losses, but Julius Severus finally eradicated Jewish resistance.
Hadrian rebuilt Jerusalem, renamed it Aelia Capitolina, resettled it with Gentiles, and forbade Jews even to enter it, on pain of death.
See also Bar-Kochba, Bar-Kokba.