OET interlinear YUD (JUD) 1:13

uW Translation Notes:

Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

κύματα ἄγρια θαλάσσης

waves wild ˱of˲_/the/_sea

Here Jude speaks of the false teachers to describe their unrestrained and untamable behavior. He describes them as wild waves that thrash about in an uncontrollable manner. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor by translating this plainly or turn the metaphor into a simile. Alternate translation: “they act in an unrestrained manner” or “they are unrestrained like wild waves”

Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

ἐπαφρίζοντα τὰς ἑαυτῶν αἰσχύνας

foaming_out the ˱of˲_themselves shame

Here Jude expands the wave metaphor of the previous phrase, speaking of the shameful deeds of the false teachers. As waves leave dirty foam on the shore that everyone can see, so the false teachers keep on acting shamefully in the sight of others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor by translating this plainly or turn the metaphor into a simile. Alternate translation: “they make their shameful deeds visible to everyone” or “they show their shameful deeds like waves leave foam”

Note 3 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

ἀστέρες πλανῆται

stars wandering

Here, the phrase wandering stars describes stars that have wandered away from their normal path of movement. Jude uses this expression to describe the false teachers as people who have stopped doing what pleases the Lord. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor plainly or with a simile. Alternate translation: “no longer living righteously” or “like stars that wander away from their proper path”

Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / activepassive

οἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα τετήρηται

˱to˲_whom the darkness ¬the ˱of˲_darkness to /the/_age /has_been/_kept

If your language does not use the passive form has been kept, you could express this with an active form, and you can state who did the action. Alternate translation: “for whom God has kept the gloom and darkness to eternity”

Note 5 topic: writing-pronouns

οἷς

˱to˲_whom

Here, whom refers to the false teachers that Jude called “wandering stars” in the previous phrase. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that this refers to the false teachers. Alternate translation: “false teachers for whom”

ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους

the darkness ¬the ˱of˲_darkness

Here, gloom of darkness could mean: (1) the gloom is characterized by darkness. Alternate translation: “the dark gloom” (2) the gloom is identical to the darkness. Alternate translation: “the gloom, which is darkness.”

Note 6 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους

the darkness ¬the ˱of˲_darkness

Here Jude uses gloom and darkness to refer to hell. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor directly. Alternate translation: “for whom God has reserved the gloom of darkness of hell”