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Tyndale Open Bible Dictionary

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OIL

Substance most commonly produced from the olive berry, although the word could also apply to oil of myrrh (Est 2:12 OET (RV-only · LV-only)). Oil was used primarily in cooking, but additionally as a cosmetic for anointing the body, for medicinal purposes, as a source of light, for anointing kings and priests, and in religious offerings.

EST 2:12: OET EST 2:12 (RV-only EST 2:12 · LV-only EST 2:12)

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OET-RV EST 2:12

12 ⇔Each young woman would get twelve months of beauty treatment according to the Persian law for women—there would be six months of applying oil of myrrh, then six months of perfumes and other lotions designed for women. Then their turn would come, one at a time, to be taken to King Ahashverosh (Ahasuerus/Xerxes).

OET-LV EST 2:12

12 And_when_ the_turn_of a_young_woman and_a_young_woman _arrived to_go to the_king ʼAḩashvērōsh from_the_end/extremity of_being to/for_her/it according_to_the_regulation_of the_women two_plus ten month[s] if/because thus the_days_of their_rubbings_of_their six months with_the_oil_of (the)_myrrh and_six months with_(the)_oil and_with_the_cleansings_of (the)_women they_were_completed.

The growth of olive trees was widespread, and the Israelites took advantage of this major crop to establish a thriving trade in oil with Tyre and Egypt. Like precious metals and animals, oil became an established medium of exchange. Solomon used it as part of the payment to Hiram for construction expenses connected with the temple (1 Kgs 5:11 OET (RV-only · LV-only KI1 5:25); Ez 27:17 OET (RV-only · LV-only)).

KI1 5:11: OET KI1 5:11 (RV-only KI1 5:11 · LV-only KI1 5:25)

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OET-RV KI1 5:11

11 and each year Shelomoh supplied Hiram with three thousand tonnes of wheat and four hundred thousand litres of pure olive oil.

OET-LV KI1 5:25

25  And_Shəlomoh he_gave to_Ḩīrām twenty thousand cor[s]_of wheat(s) food for_household_of_his and_twenty cor[s]_of oil pressed thus Shəlomoh he_gave to_Ḩīrām a_year in_year.

EZE 27:17: OET EZE 27:17 (RV-only EZE 27:17 · LV-only EZE 27:17)

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OET-RV EZE 27:17

17 Yehudah (Judah) and Yisrael (Israel) were trading with you. They provided wheat from Minit, cakes, honey, oil, and balsam for your merchandise.

OET-LV EZE 27:17

17 Yəhūdāh/(Judah) and_the_land_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) they were_your(pl)_of_traders for_the_wheat(s)_of Minnit and_cake and_honey and_oil and_balm they_exchanged merchandise_of_your.

Because oil was essential for everyday life, it was an effective and acceptable medium of barter. Oil was used in the preparation of most food (1 Kgs 17:12-16 OET (RV-only · LV-only)). The common cake or patty of grain, which formed the basis of the noon meal, would be cooked on a griddle with a little oil.

KI1 17:12–16: OET KI1 17:12–16 (RV-only KI1 17:12–16 · LV-only KI1 17:12–16)

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OET-RV KI1 17:12

12 But she replied, “As your god Yahweh lives, I don’t have any bread at all—only a handful of flour in the jar, and a little bit of oil in the jug. See, I’m gathering a few bits of firewood so I can make a little bread for me and my son. After we’ve eaten that, then we’ll die.”

OET-RV KI1 17:13

13 But Eliyah told her, “Don’t be worried. Go and do what you said, except make some bread for me first and bring it out to me. Then after that, you can make some for you and for your son,

OET-RV KI1 17:14

14 because Yisrael’s (Israel) god Yahweh has told me that your flour won’t run out and your oil won’t come to an end until the day when Yahweh gives us rain again.”

OET-RV KI1 17:15

15 So the woman went and did what Eliyah said, then sure enough Eliyah and the widow and her household had enough food every day.

OET-RV KI1 17:16

16 The jar of flour never got empty and the jug of oil never ran out, just as Yahweh had promised via Eliyah.

OET-LV KI1 17:12

12 And_she/it_said by_the_life of_YHWH god_of_your if there_is to_me food if/because (if) the_fullness_of a_palm_of flour in_jar and_a_little_of oil in_jug and_WOW_I am_gathering two wood(s) and_I_will_go and_I_will_prepare_it to_me and_for_son_of_my and_we_will_eat_it and_we_will_die.

OET-LV KI1 17:13

13 And_he/it_said to_her/it ʼĒliyyāh do_not fear go do according_to_of_your_message only make to_me from_there a_bread_cake small at_first and_you_will_bring_it_out to_me and_for_yourself and_for_son_of_your you_will_prepare at_last.

OET-LV KI1 17:14

14 If/because thus YHWH the_god_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) he_says the_jar_of (the)_flour not it_will_be_at_an_end and_the_jug_of (the)_oil not it_will_be_lacking until the_day_of gives YHWH rain on the_surface_of the_soil.

OET-LV KI1 17:15

15 And_she_went and_she_did according_to_the_message_of ʼĒliyyāh and_she/it_ate wwww and and_household_of_her days.

OET-LV KI1 17:16

16 The_jar_of (the)_flour not it_was_at_an_end and_the_jug_of (the)_oil not it_was_lacking according_to_the_message_of YHWH which he_spoke by_the_hand_of ʼĒliyyāh.

As a cosmetic, oil was used for anointing the body after a bath (Ru 3:3 OET (RV-only · LV-only); 2 Sm 12:20 OET (RV-only · LV-only)). It was frequently used on festive occasions, and at Egyptian banquets the heads of both the guests and the female entertainers were anointed. In the NT, the anointing of the sick is mentioned (Jas 5:14 OET (RV-only · LV-only)). Olive oil could also be taken internally as a medicine for the relief of gastric disorders. It had a soothing effect and was also used as a mild laxative. It was applied externally as an ointment for bruises, burns, cuts, and abrasions (Is 1:6 OET (RV-only · LV-only); Mk 6:13 OET (RV-only · LV-only); Lk 10:34 OET (RV-only · LV-only)).

RUT 3:3: OET RUT 3:3 (RV-only RUT 3:3 · LV-only RUT 3:3)

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OET-RV RUT 3:3

3 So wash yourself and put on some perfume. Wear your cloak and go out to the threshing floor, but don’t let him know you’re there until he’s finished eating and drinking.

OET-LV RUT 3:3

3 And_you_will_wash and_you_will_anoint_yourself and_you_will_put mmm on and the_threshing_floor do_not make_yourself_known to_man until finishes_he to_eat and_to_drink.

SA2 12:20: OET SA2 12:20 (RV-only SA2 12:20 · LV-only SA2 12:20)

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OET-RV SA2 12:20

20 Then David got up from the ground and washed, and he rubbed lotions on and changed his clothes, then he entered Yahweh’s tent and worshipped him. Then he went back home and asked for food to be served, and he ate.

OET-LV SA2 12:20

20 And_ Dāvid _he/it_rose_up from_the_ground and_he_bathed and_he_anointed_himself and_he_changed his and_he_went the_house_of YHWH and_he_bowed_down and_he_went to house_of_his_own and_he_asked and_they_set to_him/it food and_he/it_ate.

JAM 5:14: OET JAM 5:14 (RV-only JAM 5:14 · LV-only JAM 5:14)

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OET-RV JAM 5:14

14 Is anyone among you sick? If so, that person should call the leaders of the assembly and get them to anoint them with oil and to pray for them in the name and authority of Yeshua (Jesus; Grk. Yesus) our master.

OET-LV JAM 5:14

14 Is_ailing anyone among you_all?
Him_let_call_to the elders of_the assembly, and them_let_pray over him, having_anointed him with_olive_oil in the name of_the master.

ISA 1:6: OET ISA 1:6 (RV-only ISA 1:6 · LV-only ISA 1:6)

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OET-RV ISA 1:6

6 From the sole of the foot up to the head nothing is healthy.
 ⇔ Bruises and sores and fresh wounds haven’t been cleaned out,
 ⇔ ≈ and they haven’t been bandaged or treated with olive oil.

OET-LV ISA 1:6

6 From_the_sole_of the_foot and_unto the_head there_is_not in/on/over_him/it soundness bruise[s] and_welt[s] and_wound[s] fresh not they_have_been_pressed_out and_not they_have_been_bound_up and_not it_has_been_softened with_oil.

MRK 6:13: OET MRK 6:13 (RV-only MRK 6:13 · LV-only MRK 6:13)

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OET-RV MRK 6:13

13 In addition, they drove out many demons, and anointed many sick people with olive oil and healed them.

OET-LV MRK 6:13

13 And they_were_casting_out many demons, and they_were_anointing many sick with_olive_oil and they_were_healing them.

LUK 10:34: OET LUK 10:34 (RV-only LUK 10:34 · LV-only LUK 10:34)

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OET-RV LUK 10:34

34 and went up to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring olive oil and wine on them, then put him on his own animal and took him to a roadhouse and looked after him.

OET-LV LUK 10:34

34 and having_approached, he_bound_up the wounds of_him, pouring_on olive_oil and wine, and having_mounted him on his own mount, he_brought him to an_inn and was_taken_care of_him.

As soon as the sun set, the only source of light was the oil lamp. Often the small portable one could be placed easily on a shelf, but in large homes, palaces, synagogues, or temples, the lamp could rest on a tall metal base like a standard lamp. The wick of flax (Is 42:3 OET (RV-only · LV-only)) or hemp was placed in the oil that gave out a flame until it was extinguished or the supply of fuel ran out. Torches were used in the streets both to light the way and for additional security. They added immeasurably to the festive atmosphere of evening processions. Torches were an essential part of the wedding procession, and normally those carrying the torches brought a quantity of oil in a container in case there was a delay and their supply was exhausted. This scene is vividly portrayed in Jesus’ parable of the wise and foolish virgins (Mt 25:1-13 OET (RV-only · LV-only)).

ISA 42:3: OET ISA 42:3 (RV-only ISA 42:3 · LV-only ISA 42:3)

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OET-RV ISA 42:3

3 He won’t break a crushed reed
 ⇔ ≈ and nor will he extinguish a dim oil-lamp.
 ⇔ He will faithfully bring justice to the people.

OET-LV ISA 42:3

3 A_reed crushed not he_will_break and_a_wick dim not he_will_extinguish_it to_faithfulness he_will_bring_forth justice.

In other ceremonial events, oil had a special meaning when used for the anointing of kings (1 Sm 10:1 OET (RV-only · LV-only); 1 Kgs 1:39 OET (RV-only · LV-only)) and priests (Ex 29:7 OET (RV-only · LV-only)). It was symbolic of the office and of the recognition of God’s blessing on the officeholder.

SA1 10:1: OET SA1 10:1 (RV-only SA1 10:1 · LV-only SA1 10:1)

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OET-RV SA1 10:1

10 Then Shmuel took a flask of oil, and poured it on Sha’ul’s head and kissed him, and told him, “It’s Yahweh who has anointed you to be ruler over his chosen people.

OET-LV SA1 10:1

10 And_ Shəmūʼēl _he/it_took DOM the_flask_of (the)_oil and_he_poured_it on his/its_head and_he_kissed_him and_he/it_said am_not that/for/because/then/when he_has_anointed_you YHWH over inheritance_of_his to_ruler.

KI1 1:39: OET KI1 1:39 (RV-only KI1 1:39 · LV-only KI1 1:39)

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OET-RV KI1 1:39

39 Tsadok the priest took the horn of oil from the sacred tent and anointed Shelomoh with it, and they blew the horn and all the people shouted, “Let King Shelomoh live!”

OET-LV KI1 1:39

39 And_ Tsādōq the_priest/officer _he/it_took DOM the_horn_of (the)_oil from the_tent and_he_anointed DOM Shəlomoh/(Solomon) and_they_gave_a_blast on_horn and_ all_of the_people _they_said the_king Shəlomoh may_he_live.

EXO 29:7: OET EXO 29:7 (RV-only EXO 29:7 · LV-only EXO 29:7)

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OET-RV EXO 29:7

7 then take the anointing oil and pour it over his head to dedicate him.

OET-LV EXO 29:7

7 And_you_will_take DOM the_oil_of (the)_anointing and_you_will_pour_it on his/its_head and_you_will_anoint DOM_him/it.

Quantities of oil were used in the temple. It was donated as part of the firstfruit offering (Ex 22:29 OET (RV-only · LV-only EXO 22:28)) and was also subject to tithing (Dt 12:17 OET (RV-only · LV-only)). Oil was frequently used for the ceremonial aspect of temple life or as part of the offering. The grain offering was mixed with oil (Lv 8:26 OET (RV-only · LV-only); Nm 7:19 OET (RV-only · LV-only)), and the oil in the lamp that burned in the sanctuary constantly needed replenishing (Lv 24:2 OET (RV-only · LV-only)). The daily sacrifice required the use of oil (Ex 29:40 OET (RV-only · LV-only)), although the sin offering (Lv 5:11 OET (RV-only · LV-only)) and the jealousy offering (Nm 5:15 OET (RV-only · LV-only)) specifically did not use oil.

EXO 22:29: OET EXO 22:29 (RV-only EXO 22:29 · LV-only EXO 22:28)

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OET-RV EXO 22:29

29 You mustn’t fail to give me the best parts of the grain that you harvest, or the best olive oil or wine that you produce.
 ¶ You must give your firstborn sons to me,

OET-LV EXO 22:28

28  Produce_of_your_full and_juice_of_your not you_must_delay the_firstborn_of your(pl)_sons_of_your you_will_give to/for_me.

DEU 12:17: OET DEU 12:17 (RV-only DEU 12:17 · LV-only DEU 12:17)

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OET-RV DEU 12:17

17 In your towns, don’t eat the tenth of your produce or the firstborns from your herd or flock, or at the celebration of a vow, or any free-will offering or contribution that you’ve made.

OET-LV DEU 12:17

17 Not you_will_be_able to_eat in_gates_of_your the_tithe_of your_grain_of_your and_your_new_of_wine and_your_fresh_of_oil and_the_firstborn(s)_of your_herd_of_your and_flock_of_your and_all offerings_of_your_votive which you_will_vow and_your(pl)_freewill_of_offerings and_the_contribution_of your_hand_of_your.

LEV 8:26: OET LEV 8:26 (RV-only LEV 8:26 · LV-only LEV 8:26)

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OET-RV LEV 8:26

26 Then from the basket of unleavened bread that was there in front of Yahweh, he took one flat bread bun, and one flat bread that had been smeared with oil, and one flat biscuit, and placed them on top of the fat and the right thigh.

OET-LV LEV 8:26

26 And_from_the_basket_of (the)_unleavened_bread(s) which to_(the)_face_of/in_front_of/before YHWH he_took a_cake_of unleavened_bread(s) one and_a_cake_of bread_of oil one and_a_wafer one and_he/it_assigned on the_fat(s) and_on the_thigh_of the_right.

NUM 7:19: OET NUM 7:19 (RV-only NUM 7:19 · LV-only NUM 7:19)

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Combined passage: English NUM 7:12–83 (native NUM 7:12–83; verse text cannot be split).

OET-RV NUM 7:12-83

12-83 These were the leaders who presented their offerings:
 ¶ Each of the leaders presented the following offerings:

OET-LV NUM 7:19

19 He_brought_near DOM offering_of_his a_dish_of silver one was_thirty and_one_hundred weight_of_its a_bowl one silver seventy shekel[s] by_the_shekel_of the_holy_place both_of_them were_full fine_flour mixed with_oil to_a_grain_offering.

LEV 24:2: OET LEV 24:2 (RV-only LEV 24:2 · LV-only LEV 24:2)

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OET-RV LEV 24:2

2 Order the Israelis to bring you pressed olive oil that’s pure, to supply lamps to give continual light.

OET-LV LEV 24:2

2 Command DOM the_people_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) and_they_will_bring to_you oil_of olive[s] pure pressed for_light to_lift_up a_lamp continually.

EXO 29:40: OET EXO 29:40 (RV-only EXO 29:40 · LV-only EXO 29:40)

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OET-RV EXO 29:40

40 ⇔With the morning lamb, also offer 2kg of finely-ground wheat flour mixed with a litre of pressed olive oil and a litre of wine.

OET-LV EXO 29:40

40 And_a_tenth fine_flour mixed with_oil pressed (the)_fourth_part_of (the)_hin and_a_drink_offering (the)_fourth_of (the)_hin wine for_lamb the_one.

LEV 5:11: OET LEV 5:11 (RV-only LEV 5:11 · LV-only LEV 5:11)

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OET-RV LEV 5:11

11 “However if that person still can’t afford those two doves or young pigeons, then they can present a kilogram of fine wheat flour for a sin offering. It mustn’t have oil or frankincense in it because it’s a sin offering.

OET-LV LEV 5:11

11 And_if not his/its_hand it_will_reach to_two_of turtle-doves or to_two_of young_ones_of a_dove and_he_will_bring DOM present_of_his which he_has_sinned (the)_tenth_of (the)_ʼēyfāh fine_flour to_a_sin_offering not he_will_place on/upon_it(f) oil and_not he_will_put on/upon_it(f) frankincense if/because is_a_sin_offering it.

NUM 5:15: OET NUM 5:15 (RV-only NUM 5:15 · LV-only NUM 5:15)

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OET-RV NUM 5:15

15 then he should take her to a priest. He must also bring an offering on her behalf: two litres of barley flour. It must not have any oil or spices mixed into it because it’s a grain offering for suspicion—for determining if unfaithfulness has occurred.

OET-LV NUM 5:15

15 And_ the_man _he_will_bring DOM his/its_wife/woman to the_priest/officer and_he_will_bring DOM offering_of_her on/upon_it(f) (the)_tenth_of (the)_ʼēyfāh flour_of barley(s) not he_will_pour_out on/upon/above_him/it oil and_not he_will_put on/upon/above_him/it frankincense if/because is_a_grain_offering_of jealousi(es) it a_grain_offering_of remembrance which_brings_to_remembrance iniquity.

A pestle and mortar, or a stone press, pressed oil from the olives (Ex 27:20 OET (RV-only · LV-only)). Where the latter was used, the pulp initially produced by the press was often trodden out or subjected to further extensive pressing. Stone presses were set up to process the quantities of berries available at the Mt of Olives. The word for “oil press” was gatt-semen, hence the name Gethsemane.

EXO 27:20: OET EXO 27:20 (RV-only EXO 27:20 · LV-only EXO 27:20)

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OET-RV EXO 27:20

20 Order the Israelis to bring you pure, pressed olive oil for the lamps so they can be kept burning continually.

OET-LV EXO 27:20

20 And_you(ms) you_will_command DOM the_people_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) and_they_will_bring to_you oil_of olive[s] pure pressed for_light to_lift_up a_lamp_of continually.

Oil was symbolically associated with joy, festivity, ceremony, honor, light, and health (both spiritual and physical), while its absence spelled sorrow (Jl 1:10 OET (RV-only · LV-only)) and the withdrawal of all that is good in life.

JOL 1:10: OET JOL 1:10 (RV-only JOL 1:10 · LV-only JOL 1:10)

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OET-RV JOL 1:10

10 The countryside has been devastated.
 ⇔ The soil mourns, because the grain has been destroyed.
 ⇔ The new wine dried up,
 ⇔ ≈ The fresh oil isn’t good.

OET-LV JOL 1:10

10 The_field[s] it_is_devastated the_ground it_is_dried_up if/because the_grain it_is_devastated the_new_wine it_has_dried_up the_fresh_oil it_has_languished.

See also Anoint; Food and Food Preparation; Medicine and Medical Practice; Ointment; Plants (Olive, Olive Tree).