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BRANCH
Literally, a shoot or sprout from a tree or bush; figuratively, a messianic or other spiritual metaphor. It is used for the three sets of arms that come off the main shaft of the golden lampstand in the tabernacle (e.g., Ex 25:31-36 (RV · LV · Read together)) and for the palm fronds from which booths were constructed for the ancient Jewish Feast of Tabernacles (Lv 23:40-43 (RV · LV · Read together)).
EXO 25:31–36: RV EXO 25:31–36 · LV EXO 25:31–36 · Read together EXO 25:31–36
LEV 23:40–43: RV LEV 23:40–43 · LV LEV 23:40–43 · Read together LEV 23:40–43
Metaphorically, the expression is found in passages where Israel is described as an olive tree (Hos 14:6 (RV · LV HOS 14:7 · Read together)), a cedar (Ez 17:23 (RV · LV · Read together)), and a vine (Ez 17:6 (RV · LV · Read together); cf. Ps 80:8-11 (RV · LV PSA 80:9–12 · Read together)). “Branch,” with its implication of new growth, can signify prosperity (Gn 49:22 (RV · LV · Read together); Jb 8:16 (RV · LV · Read together); Ps 80:8-11 (RV · LV PSA 80:9–12 · Read together); Ez 36:8 (RV · LV · Read together)). Branches can be cut or broken off; hence, the word may depict judgment (Jb 18:16 (RV · LV · Read together); Is 9:14 (RV · LV ISA 9:13 · Read together); Jer 11:16 (RV · LV · Read together)). Such passages speak of withering, being cut, or being burned; Jesus combined all three ideas into one metaphor (Jn 15:6 (RV · LV · Read together)). In a similar way, the apostle Paul wrote that the Jews who didn’t believe would be broken off (Rom 11:19-21 (RV · LV · Read together)).
HOS 14:6: RV HOS 14:6 · LV HOS 14:7 · Read together HOS 14:6
EZE 17:23: RV EZE 17:23 · LV EZE 17:23 · Read together EZE 17:23
EZE 17:6: RV EZE 17:6 · LV EZE 17:6 · Read together EZE 17:6
PSA 80:8–11: RV PSA 80:8–11 · LV PSA 80:9–12 · Read together PSA 80:8–11
GEN 49:22: RV GEN 49:22 · LV GEN 49:22 · Read together GEN 49:22
JOB 8:16: RV JOB 8:16 · LV JOB 8:16 · Read together JOB 8:16
EZE 36:8: RV EZE 36:8 · LV EZE 36:8 · Read together EZE 36:8
JOB 18:16: RV JOB 18:16 · LV JOB 18:16 · Read together JOB 18:16
ISA 9:14: RV ISA 9:14 · LV ISA 9:13 · Read together ISA 9:14
JER 11:16: RV JER 11:16 · LV JER 11:16 · Read together JER 11:16
JHN 15:6: RV JHN 15:6 · LV JHN 15:6 · Read together JHN 15:6
ROM 11:19–21: RV ROM 11:19–21 · LV ROM 11:19–21 · Read together ROM 11:19–21
The major use of such symbolism refers to the Davidic Messiah. Although that use of “branch” actually stems from the prophetic period, its roots go much farther back. The concept was used with reference to an influential figure, such as a king’s personal servant (Gn 40:9-13 (RV · LV · Read together)), the patriarch Joseph (49:22 (RV · LV · Read together)), Job (Jb 29:19 (RV · LV · Read together)), or the Assyrian king Nebuchadnezzar (Dn 4:12 (RV · LV DAN 4:9 · Read together)). Passages such as 2 Samuel 23:4 (RV · LV · Read together) and Psalm 132:17 (RV · LV · Read together) speak of the Davidic line as “growing” or “sprouting forth” (the literal meaning of the Hebrew verbs). Finally, images of agricultural prosperity were used as promised blessings of the messianic age (cf. Lv 26 (RV · LV · Read together) with the prophetic passages on previous page). It is understandable how the term “branch” could become a technical designation for the Messiah, as is described above.
GEN 40:9–13: RV GEN 40:9–13 · LV GEN 40:9–13 · Read together GEN 40:9–13
JOB 29:19: RV JOB 29:19 · LV JOB 29:19 · Read together JOB 29:19
DAN 4:12: RV DAN 4:12 · LV DAN 4:9 · Read together DAN 4:12
SA2 23:4: RV SA2 23:4 · LV SA2 23:4 · Read together SA2 23:4
PSA 132:17: RV PSA 132:17 · LV PSA 132:17 · Read together PSA 132:17
The Branch: A Symbol for the Messiah
In the following key passages, the “branch” is used as a symbol for the Messiah:
1. Isaiah 4:2-6 (RV · LV · Read together) is the first occurrence of “branch” as a title: “In that day the branch of the Lord shall be beautiful and glorious, and the fruit of the land shall be the pride and glory of the survivors of Israel” (rsv). Many scholars interpret “branch” here to mean the Messiah for several reasons: (a) The whole tenor of the chapter makes it likely that it refers to the Messiah, who provides the harvest, establishes holiness, executes judgment, and creates “glory” in the land. (b) Isaiah 28:5 (RV · LV · Read together) describes the Lord in similar terms, making a messianic interpretation of Isaiah 4:2 (RV · LV · Read together) more probable. (c) Jeremiah 23:5 (RV · LV · Read together) and 33:15 (RV · LV · Read together), which seem to be commentaries on Isaiah 4:2 (RV · LV · Read together), interpret it to refer to the Messiah. Mention of a righteous remnant illustrates a concept developing along with the “branch” imagery and amplifying its meaning. The branch will become the “beauty and glory” of the remnant of Israel and will wreak destruction on apostate Israel (Is 4:4 (RV · LV · Read together)).
ISA 4:2–6: RV ISA 4:2–6 · LV ISA 4:2–6 · Read together ISA 4:2–6
ISA 28:5: RV ISA 28:5 · LV ISA 28:5 · Read together ISA 28:5
ISA 4:2: RV ISA 4:2 · LV ISA 4:2 · Read together ISA 4:2
JER 23:5: RV JER 23:5 · LV JER 23:5 · Read together JER 23:5
JER 33:15: RV JER 33:15 · LV JER 33:15 · Read together JER 33:15
ISA 4:4: RV ISA 4:4 · LV ISA 4:4 · Read together ISA 4:4
2. Isaiah 11:1 (RV · LV · Read together) adds a Davidic element to Isaiah 4:2 (RV · LV · Read together), since Jesse was David’s father. The “shoot” grew out of the “stump of Jesse,” that is, the royal line of David. The Davidic line is pictured as a fallen dynasty, a tree cut down (the passage probably mentions Jesse rather than David to stress a lowly origin). The stump remains, however, and there is still life within it. That stump is insignificant in contrast to the mighty forest of Assyria, but the Lord will level that forest (Is 10:15-19, 33-34 (RV ISA 10:15–19 · RV ISA 10:33–34 · LV ISA 10:15–19 · LV ISA 10:33–34 · Read together ISA 10:15–19 · Read together ISA 10:33–34)) and bring forth from Jesse’s stump a fruitful shoot who will recover the Israelite remnant (Is 11:4, 11-12 (RV ISA 11:4 · RV ISA 11:11–12 · LV ISA 11:4 · LV ISA 11:11–12 · Read together ISA 11:4 · Read together ISA 11:11–12)), destroy their adversaries, and reign in wisdom through the Spirit of the Lord.
ISA 11:1: RV ISA 11:1 · LV ISA 11:1 · Read together ISA 11:1
ISA 10:15–19; ISA 10:33–34: RV ISA 10:15–19 · RV ISA 10:33–34 · LV ISA 10:15–19 · LV ISA 10:33–34 · Read together ISA 10:15–19 · Read together ISA 10:33–34
ISA 11:4; ISA 11:11–12: RV ISA 11:4 · RV ISA 11:11–12 · LV ISA 11:4 · LV ISA 11:11–12 · Read together ISA 11:4 · Read together ISA 11:11–12
3. Jeremiah 23:5 (RV · LV · Read together) and 33:15 (RV · LV · Read together) contrast the righteous reign of the Branch with the evil leadership of King Zedekiah. In both passages a remnant is pictured under the metaphor of a flock gathered back to their fold under caring shepherds (Jer 23:3-4 (RV · LV · Read together); cf. 33:12-13 (RV · LV · Read together)). The shepherds are ruled by the Branch, who is given the title “The Lord is our righteousness” (33:16 (RV · LV · Read together)). That phrase in Hebrew is a deliberate wordplay on the name “Zedekiah” (meaning “the Lord is my vindication”). Zedekiah was righteous in name but not in reign. The Branch of the Lord, in contrast, will rule justly.
JER 23:3–4: RV JER 23:3–4 · LV JER 23:3–4 · Read together JER 23:3–4
JER 33:12–13: RV JER 33:12–13 · LV JER 33:12–13 · Read together JER 33:12–13
JER 33:16: RV JER 33:16 · LV JER 33:16 · Read together JER 33:16
4. Zechariah 3:8 (RV · LV · Read together) and 6:12 (RV · LV · Read together) apply the branch metaphor in a different context—that of the postexilic task of rebuilding the temple. Zechariah described Joshua the high priest as a symbol of the future “servant- Branch” to be sent from the Lord. The Branch is seen as performing a priestly function in restoring righteous worship to the land. The royal line would be reinstated and the glories of the priestly line would also be reconstituted in the Branch. The servant of the Branch is probably taken from Isaiah’s servant songs, where similar language is used (Is 53:2 (RV · LV · Read together)). Zechariah specifically related the priestly activity to rebuilding the temple. Zerubbabel had earlier been given the task of completing the literal building (Zec 4:7-9 (RV · LV · Read together)), so the allusion must go beyond that to the “spiritual temple” to come. (Since Zerubbabel’s name means “shoot of Babylon,” the connection seems deliberate). Finally, Zechariah combines the two messianic aspects of the Branch: “He will build the Lord’s Temple, and he will receive royal honor and will rule as king from his throne. He will also serve as priest from his throne, and there will be perfect harmony between the two” (6:13 (RV · LV · Read together), NLT).
ZEC 3:8: RV ZEC 3:8 · LV ZEC 3:8 · Read together ZEC 3:8
ZEC 6:12: RV ZEC 6:12 · LV ZEC 6:12 · Read together ZEC 6:12
ISA 53:2: RV ISA 53:2 · LV ISA 53:2 · Read together ISA 53:2
ZEC 4:7–9: RV ZEC 4:7–9 · LV ZEC 4:7–9 · Read together ZEC 4:7–9
ZEC 6:13: RV ZEC 6:13 · LV ZEC 6:13 · Read together ZEC 6:13
“Branch” is never used as a title in the NT. Yet there are hints of that concept’s influence, as in the familiar “vine and branches” metaphor (Jn 15:1-8 (RV · LV · Read together)), in the use of palm branches at Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem (12:13 (RV · LV · Read together); cf. Mk 11:8 (RV · LV · Read together) and parallels), and possibly in the origin of the titles “Righteous One” (Acts 3:14 (RV · LV · Read together); 7:52 (RV · LV · Read together); cf. Jas 5:6 (RV · LV · Read together)) and “Just One” (Acts 22:14 (RV · LV · Read together)). Some have also taken an enigmatic reference to Christ, “He shall be called a Nazarene” as an allusion to the “branch” because in Isaiah 11:1 (RV · LV · Read together) and other references netzer is similar to “Nazarene.”
JHN 15:1–8: RV JHN 15:1–8 · LV JHN 15:1–8 · Read together JHN 15:1–8
JHN 12:13: RV JHN 12:13 · LV JHN 12:13 · Read together JHN 12:13
MRK 11:8: RV MRK 11:8 · LV MRK 11:8 · Read together MRK 11:8
ACT 3:14: RV ACT 3:14 · LV ACT 3:14 · Read together ACT 3:14
ACT 7:52: RV ACT 7:52 · LV ACT 7:52 · Read together ACT 7:52
JAM 5:6: RV JAM 5:6 · LV JAM 5:6 · Read together JAM 5:6