UBS Hebrew Dictionary Article

Form 1

Part of speech: vb

Related lemmas: מִקְשֶׁה · מִקְשָׁה · קָשֶׁה · קְשִׁי

Sense 1: to be hard, to be difficult

Semantic domains: Hard (002001003010)

Definition: = process by which humans experience an event as difficult to handle or hard to accept

Forms: vbqal-

DEU 1:17: RV DEU 1:17 · LV DEU 1:17 · Read together DEU 1:17

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OET-RV DEU 1:17

17 Don’t show partiality when you’re making a judgement—treat important people just the same as the others. Don’t worry about what people will think because fair judgement is a godly activity. And if any matter is too difficult, bring it to me for a decision.

OET-LV DEU 1:17

17 Not you(pl)_will _pay _regard _to faces in_judgement as_small as_great you(pl)_will _listen not you(pl)_will _be _afraid from_face/in _front _of anyone if/because the_judgement belongs_to_god it and_the_matter which it _will _be_too_hard for_you(pl) you(pl)_will _bring _near to_me and_I_will _hear _it.

DEU 15:18: RV DEU 15:18 · LV DEU 15:18 · Read together DEU 15:18

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OET-RV DEU 15:18

18 Don’t complain when you have to release your slaves, because they’ve served you up to six years and been double the value of a regular hired worker, plus your god Yahweh will bless you in whatever you do.

OET-LV DEU 15:18

18 Not it _will _be _hard in_eyes _of_your when_you_let _go DOM_him/it a _free_person from_with_you if/because double the_hire _of a _hired _labourer he_has _served _you six years and_he_will _bless _you YHWH god _of_your in_all that you _will _do.

Sense 2: to do something hard

Semantic domains: Hard (002001003010)

Definition: = actions by which humans do something that is experienced as difficult to handle or hard to accept

Forms: vbqal-

KI2 2:10: RV KI2 2:10 · LV KI2 2:10 · Read together KI2 2:10

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OET-RV KI2 2:10

10 “Oh, that’s a difficult request,” Eliyah had responded. “Well, if you see me being taken away from you, then you’ll get what you asked for, but if you miss seeing me go, you won’t.”

OET-LV KI2 2:10

10 And_he/it _said you _have _made _difficult to_ask if you _will _see DOM_me taken from_with_you may _it _be to/for_yourself(m) thus and_if not not it _will _be.

Sense 3: to stubbornly refuse

Semantic domains: Unwilling (002001002031)

Core domains: Willingness (197)

Definition: = action by which humans refuse to do something out of stubbornness

Forms: vbhif-

EXO 13:15: RV EXO 13:15 · LV EXO 13:15 · Read together EXO 13:15

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OET-RV EXO 13:15

15 And so it was that when Par’oh (Pharaoh) was too stubborn to let us go, then Yahweh struck all of the oldest sons and oldest male animals in Mitsrayim. That’s why we offer all the oldest offspring to Yahweh, and why we need to buy back all our oldest sons.’

OET-LV EXO 13:15

15 And_he/it _was if/because Parˊoh he _made _stubborn to_let_us _go and_ YHWH _he _killed every _of firstborn in_land of _Miʦrayim/(Egypt) from_the_firstborn _of humankind and_unto the_firstborn _of livestock therefore yes/correct/thus/so I am_sacrificing to/for_YHWH every _of firstborn _of a _womb the_males and_all (the)_firstborn _of my _sons _of_my I _redeem.

Sense 4: to oppose, to resist

Semantic domains: Unwilling (002001002031)

Core domains: Willingness (197)

Definition: = action by which humans act with stubbornness towards others, being unwilling to yield

Forms: vbhif-

JOB 9:4: RV JOB 9:4 · LV JOB 9:4 · Read together JOB 9:4

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OET-RV JOB 9:4

4 He’s wise in his thinking and very powerful.
⇔ Who has ever challenged him and succeeded?

OET-LV JOB 9:4

4 Wise _of heart and_strong _of power who has _he _shown _stubbornness to_him/it and_he _has _remained _unharmed.

Sense 5: to be stubborn, to be stiff-necked

Semantic domains: Unwilling (002001002031)

Core domains: Willingness (197)

Definition: literally: to harden one's neck, heart; = action by which humans show themselves to be stubborn and unwilling to yield

Forms: vbhif-

Collocations: קשׁה לֵב; קשׁה עֹרֶף

Synonyms: סרר

Antonyms: שׁמע

DEU 10:16: RV DEU 10:16 · LV DEU 10:16 · Read together DEU 10:16

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OET-RV DEU 10:16

16 You all must eradicate your rebelliousness and stop being stubborn,

OET-LV DEU 10:16

16 And_you(pl)_will _circumcise DOM the _foreskin _of your _heart _of_your(pl) and_neck _of_your(pl) not you(pl)_will _stiffen again.

KI2 17:14: RV KI2 17:14 · LV KI2 17:14 · Read together KI2 17:14

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OET-RV KI2 17:14

14 However, they hadn’t listened and had hardened their attitudes just like their ancestors who wouldn’t put their trust in their god Yahweh.

OET-LV KI2 17:14

14 And_not they _listened and_they _stiffened DOM neck _of_their like_the _neck _of their _ancestors _of_their who not they _trusted in_YHWH god _of_their.

All 13 recorded passages for this sense

DEU: RV DEU 10:16 · LV DEU 10:16 · Read together DEU 10:16

KI2: RV KI2 17:14 · LV KI2 17:14 · Read together KI2 17:14

CH2: RV CH2 30:8 · RV CH2 36:13 · LV CH2 30:8 · LV CH2 36:13 · Read together CH2 30:8 · Read together CH2 36:13

NEH: RV NEH 9:16–17 · RV NEH 9:29 · LV NEH 9:16–17 · LV NEH 9:29 · Read together NEH 9:16–17 · Read together NEH 9:29

PSA: RV PSA 95:8 · LV PSA 95:8 · Read together PSA 95:8

PRO: RV PRO 28:14 · RV PRO 29:1 · LV PRO 28:14 · LV PRO 29:1 · Read together PRO 28:14 · Read together PRO 29:1

JER: RV JER 7:26 · RV JER 17:23 · RV JER 19:15 · LV JER 7:26 · LV JER 17:23 · LV JER 19:15 · Read together JER 7:26 · Read together JER 17:23 · Read together JER 19:15

Sense 6: to cause to be stubborn, to cause to be stiff-necked

Semantic domains: Unwilling (002001002031)

Core domains: Willingness (197)

Definition: literally: to harden someone else's heart, spirit; = causative action by which deities cause humans to be stubborn and unwilling to yield

Forms: vbhif-

Collocations: קשׁה לֵב; קשׁה רוּחַ

EXO 7:3: RV EXO 7:3 · LV EXO 7:3 · Read together EXO 7:3

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OET-RV EXO 7:3

3 But I’ll make Par’oh stubborn and so I’ll increase the signs and miracles that I’ll do in Mitsrayim.

OET-LV EXO 7:3

3 And_I I _will _make _stubborn DOM the _heart _of Parˊoh and_I _will _multiply DOM signs _of_my and_DOM wonders _of_my in_land of _Miʦrayim.

DEU 2:30: RV DEU 2:30 · LV DEU 2:30 · Read together DEU 2:30

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OET-RV DEU 2:30

30 “However, Heshbon’s King Sihon wouldn’t let us go through his country because your god Yahweh had hardened his spirit and made him stubborn so that you could take his land, which we still have to this day.

OET-LV DEU 2:30

30 And_not Şīḩōn the _king _of Ḩeshbōn he _was _willing to_let _us _pass in/on/over_him/it if/because YHWH god _of_your he _had _made _stubborn DOM his/its_breath/wind/spirit and_he _had _made _obstinate DOM heart _of_his so _as to_give _him in_hand _of_your as_day (the)_this.

Sense 7: to suffer

Semantic domains: Unsafe (002003003021)

Core domains: Well-Being (196)

Definition: = process by which humans suffer hardship, possibly including physical pain

Forms: vbnif-; vbpiel; vbhif-

GEN 35:16: RV GEN 35:16 · LV GEN 35:16 · Read together GEN 35:16

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OET-RV GEN 35:16

16 Then they moved on from Beyt -El (Bethel), and there was still quite a distance to go to reach to the town of Efrat. Then Rahel (Rachel) went into labour, but was having great difficulty in delivering the baby.

OET-LV GEN 35:16

16 And_they _set _out from_Bēyt- ^ʼēl and_he/it _was yet (the)_distance _of the_earth/land to_go ʼEfrātāh and_ Rāḩēl _she/it _gave _birth and_she _had _difficulties when_she_gave _birth.

GEN 35:17: RV GEN 35:17 · LV GEN 35:17 · Read together GEN 35:17

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OET-RV GEN 35:17

17 At one point when she was in hard labour, the midwife said to her, “Don’t be afraid. You’ve got another son.”

OET-LV GEN 35:17

17 And_he/it _was when_she_had _difficulties when_she_gave _birth and_she/it _said to/for_her/it the_midwife do _not be _afraid if/because also this_one to/for_you(fs) is_a _son.

All 3 recorded passages for this sense

GEN: RV GEN 35:16–17 · LV GEN 35:16–17 · Read together GEN 35:16–17

ISA: RV ISA 8:21 · LV ISA 8:21 · Read together ISA 8:21

Sense 8: to harden (someone's) yoke > to force (someone) to work harder

Semantic domains: Unsafe (002003003021)

Core domains: Work (200); Well-Being (196)

Definition: literally: to harden someone's yoke; hence: = causative action by which humans increase the amount of labor imposed on other humans, ◄ which weighs down on them as a yoke

Forms: vbhif-

Collocations: קשׁה עֹל

KI1 12:4: RV KI1 12:4 · LV KI1 12:4 · Read together KI1 12:4

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OET-RV KI1 12:4