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UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew

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קָשֶׁה

Strong’s: H7186

Associated OET lemmas: קָשֶׁה

Authors: Graham S. Ogden

Form 1

Part of speech: aj

Related lemmas: קשׁה

Sense 1: hard

Semantic domains: Solid (002001001054)

Definition: = state in which an object is firm and stable in shape

ISA 27:1: RV ISA 27:1 · LV ISA 27:1 · Read together ISA 27:1

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OET-RV ISA 27:1

27 At that time, Yahweh will use his extremely powerful sword,
 ⇔ to punish the slithering sea monster Livyatan—Livyatan the twisting snake-like creature,
 ⇔ and he’ll kill the monster that’s in the ocean.

OET-LV ISA 27:1

27 In_the_day (the)_that YHWH he_will_visit_judgement with_sword_of_his (the)_fierce and_(the)_great and_(the)_mighty on Livyātān a_snake fleeing and_on Livyātān a_snake twisting and_he_will_slay DOM the_sea_monster which is_in_sea.

Sense 2: harsh, savage

Semantic domains: Cruel (002001002004)

Definition: literally: hard; hence: = state in which words and actions lack gentleness

GEN 42:7: RV GEN 42:7 · LV GEN 42:7 · Read together GEN 42:7

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OET-RV GEN 42:7

7 When Yosef saw his brothers, he recognized them and acted like a stranger to them, and he spoke harshly with them (through an interpreter), “Where are you lot from?”
 ¶ “From the land of Kena’an to buy food,” they answered.

OET-LV GEN 42:7

7 And_ Yōşēf _he/it_saw DOM brothers_of_his and_he_recognized_them and_he_acted_as_a_stranger to_them and_he/it_spoke with_them harsh and_he/it_said to_them from_where have_you(pl)_come and_they_said from_the_land_of Kənaˊan/(Canaan) to_buy food.

GEN 42:30: RV GEN 42:30 · LV GEN 42:30 · Read together GEN 42:30

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OET-RV GEN 42:30

30 “This man, the master of Mitsrayim (Egypt), spoke harshly to us and treated us as if we were spying out his country,

OET-LV GEN 42:30

30 The_man the_master(s)_of the_earth/land he_spoke with_us harsh and_he/it_gave us like_those_who_spy_out DOM the_earth/land.
All 8 recorded passages for this sense

GEN: RV GEN 42:7 · RV GEN 42:30 · LV GEN 42:7 · LV GEN 42:30 · Read together GEN 42:7 · Read together GEN 42:30

SA1: RV SA1 20:10 · RV SA1 25:3 · LV SA1 20:10 · LV SA1 25:3 · Read together SA1 20:10 · Read together SA1 25:3

SA2: RV SA2 3:39 · LV SA2 3:39 · Read together SA2 3:39

KI1: RV KI1 12:13 · LV KI1 12:13 · Read together KI1 12:13

CH2: RV CH2 10:13 · LV CH2 10:13 · Read together CH2 10:13

ISA: RV ISA 19:4 · LV ISA 19:4 · Read together ISA 19:4

Sense 3: fierce, rough

Semantic domains: Ferocious (002001002009)

Core domains: Aggression (006)

Definition: literally: hard; hence: = state in which the wind comes with such strength that it causes damage

ISA 27:8: RV ISA 27:8 · LV ISA 27:8 · Read together ISA 27:8

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OET-RV ISA 27:8

8 By sending her away, you have contended with her.
 ⇔ He released his fierce breath on an east-wind day.

OET-LV ISA 27:8

8 By_startling by_sending_it_away you_will_conduct_a_case_with_it he_removed by_wind_of_his (the)_fierce in/on_day the_east_wind.

Sense 4: unhappy

Semantic domains: Grieve (002001002013)

Core domains: Joy and Grief (093)

Definition: literally: hard in spirit; hence: = state in which humans are experiencing deep sorrow

Collocations: קְשַׁת רוּחַ

SA1 1:15: RV SA1 1:15 · LV SA1 1:15 · Read together SA1 1:15

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OET-RV SA1 1:15

15 “No, my master,” Hannah replied, “I’m a woman who’s suffering deep down. I haven’t drunk any wine or intoxicating drink, but rather I’ve been sharing my inner issues with Yahweh.

OET-LV SA1 1:15

15 And_ Ḩannāh _she_answered and_she/it_said no my_master am_a_woman hard_of spirit I and_wine and_strong_drink not I_have_drunk and_I_have_poured_out DOM soul_of_my to_(the)_face_of/in_front_of/before YHWH.

Sense 5: hard, difficult

Semantic domains: Hard (002001003010)

Definition: literally: hard; hence: = state in which an event is difficult to handle or to accept

EXO 18:26: RV EXO 18:26 · LV EXO 18:26 · Read together EXO 18:26

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OET-RV EXO 18:26

26 They became the ones who settled most disputes for the people. They brought the difficult cases to Mosheh, but they judged each minor situation themselves.

OET-LV EXO 18:26

26 And_they_judged DOM the_people in_all time DOM the_matter (the)_difficult they_brought to Mosheh and_all (the)_matter the_small(sg) they they_judged.

KI1 14:6: RV KI1 14:6 · LV KI1 14:6 · Read together KI1 14:6

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OET-RV KI1 14:6

6 So as soon as Ahiyah heard her walk through the doorway, he said, “Come in, wife of Yarov’am. Why did you get changed like that? Now I’ve been instructed to pass bad news onto you—

OET-LV KI1 14:6

6 And_he/it_was just_ ʼAḩiyyāh _as_heard DOM the_sound_of her_feet_of_her coming in_entrance and_he/it_said come Oh_wife_of Yāroⱱˊām to/for_what this are_you acting_as_a_stranger and_I have_been_sent to_you hard_news.
All 3 recorded passages for this sense

EXO: RV EXO 18:26 · LV EXO 18:26 · Read together EXO 18:26

KI1: RV KI1 14:6 · LV KI1 14:6 · Read together KI1 14:6

ISA: RV ISA 21:2 · LV ISA 21:2 · Read together ISA 21:2

Sense 6: fierce

Semantic domains: Intense (002001003012)

Core domains: Intensity (090)

Definition: literally: hard; hence: = state in which an event takes place with intensity

JDG 4:24: RV JDG 4:24 · LV JDG 4:24 · Read together JDG 4:24

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OET-RV JDG 4:24

24 and as they became stronger against him, they destroyed King Yavin of Kena’an (Canaan).

OET-LV JDG 4:24

24 And_ the_hand_of the_people_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) _it_went going and_hard on Yāⱱīn the_king_of Kənaˊan/(Canaan) until that they_cut_off DOM Yāⱱīn the_king_of Kənaˊan/(Canaan).

SA2 2:17: RV SA2 2:17 · LV SA2 2:17 · Read together SA2 2:17

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OET-RV SA2 2:17

17 That led on to a very intense battle that day, but Avner and the Israeli men were defeated by David’s servants.

OET-LV SA2 2:17

17 And_it_became the_battle severe up_to muchness in_the_day (the)_that and_ ʼAⱱnēr and_the_men_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) _he_was_defeated to_(the)_face_of/in_front_of/before the_servants_of Dāvid.
All 3 recorded passages for this sense

JDG: RV JDG 4:24 · LV JDG 4:24 · Read together JDG 4:24

SA2: RV SA2 2:17 · LV SA2 2:17 · Read together SA2 2:17

SNG: RV SNG 8:6 · LV SNG 8:6 · Read together SNG 8:6

Sense 7: harsh

Semantic domains: Unsafe (002003003021)

Definition: literally: hard; hence: = state in which an event is associated with hardship and suffering

EXO 1:14: RV EXO 1:14 · LV EXO 1:14 · Read together EXO 1:14

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OET-RV EXO 1:14

14 and they made their lives bitter with the hard slavery. They were forced to make mortar and bricks, as well as all kinds of slave labour in the fields—all the work they had to do was strenuous and tiring.

OET-LV EXO 1:14

14 And_they_made_bitter DOM lives_of_their with_labour hard in_mortar and_in_bricks and_on/over_all labour in_the_field DOM all_of labour_of_their which they_laboured in/among_them with_harshness.

EXO 6:9: RV EXO 6:9 · LV EXO 6:9 · Read together EXO 6:9

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OET-RV EXO 6:9

9 So Mosheh passed all that on to the Israelis, but they wouldn’t listen to Mosheh, because they were both discouraged and worn out from the slavery.

OET-LV EXO 6:9

9 And_ Mosheh _he/it_spoke thus to the_people_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) and_not they_listened to Mosheh from_shortness_of spirit and_from_labour hard.
All 8 recorded passages for this sense

EXO: RV EXO 1:14 · RV EXO 6:9 · LV EXO 1:14 · LV EXO 6:9 · Read together EXO 1:14 · Read together EXO 6:9

DEU: RV DEU 26:6 · LV DEU 26:6 · Read together DEU 26:6

KI1: RV KI1 12:4 · LV KI1 12:4 · Read together KI1 12:4

CH2: RV CH2 10:4 · LV CH2 10:4 · Read together CH2 10:4

JOB: RV JOB 30:25 · LV JOB 30:25 · Read together JOB 30:25

PSA: RV PSA 60:3 · LV PSA 60:5 · Read together PSA 60:3

ISA: RV ISA 14:3 · LV ISA 14:3 · Read together ISA 14:3

Sense 8: stubborn, obstinate

Semantic domains: Unwilling (002001002031)

Core domains: Willingness (197)

Definition: literally: hard; hence: = state in which humans are stubborn and unwilling to yield

DEU 31:27: RV DEU 31:27 · LV DEU 31:27 · Read together DEU 31:27

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OET-RV DEU 31:27

27 because I know your rebellion and stubbornness. Listen while I’m still alive with you today: you’ve all been rebellious against Yahweh, and it’ll surely be worse after my death.

OET-LV DEU 31:27

27 If/because I I_know DOM rebellion_of_your and_DOM neck_of_your (the)_stiff HERE when_still_I am_alive with_you(pl) the_day rebellious you(pl)_have_been with YHWH and_indeed if/because after death_of_my.

JDG 2:19: RV JDG 2:19 · LV JDG 2:19 · Read together JDG 2:19

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OET-RV JDG 2:19

19 But then at the death of that leader, they would turn back and behave more corruptly than their ancestors—following other gods and bowing down to idols. They didn’t stop any of their evil activities or their shameless behaviour

OET-LV JDG 2:19

19 And_it_was when_died_of the_judge they_returned and_they_acted_corruptly more_than_of_their_fathers to_go after gods other to_serve_them and_to_bow_down to/for_them not they_let_drop any_of_their_deeds and_any_of_their_way (the)_stubborn.
All 3 recorded passages for this sense

DEU: RV DEU 31:27 · LV DEU 31:27 · Read together DEU 31:27

JDG: RV JDG 2:19 · LV JDG 2:19 · Read together JDG 2:19

ISA: RV ISA 48:4 · LV ISA 48:4 · Read together ISA 48:4

Sense 9: stubborn, obstinate

Semantic domains: Unwilling (002001002031)

Core domains: Willingness (197)

Definition: literally: hard of heart; hence: = state in which humans are stubborn and unwilling to yield

Collocations: קְשֵׁי לֵב

Synonyms: חִזְקֵי מֵצַח

EZE 3:7: RV EZE 3:7 · LV EZE 3:7 · Read together EZE 3:7

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OET-RV EZE 3:7

7 But the Israeli people won’t be willing to listen to you, because they’re not willing to listen to me. All the Israeli people are hardheaded and hardhearted.

OET-LV EZE 3:7

7 And_the_house_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) not they_will_be_willing to_listen to_you if/because not_they are_willing to_listen to_me if/because all_of the_house_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) are_hard_of forehead and_stern_of heart they.

Sense 10: stiff-necked, stubborn, obstinate

Semantic domains: Unwilling (002001002031)

Core domains: Willingness (197)

Definition: literally: stiff-necked; hence: = state in which humans are stubborn and unwilling to yield

Collocations: קְשֵׁה עֹרֶף

EXO 32:9: RV EXO 32:9 · LV EXO 32:9 · Read together EXO 32:9

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OET-RV EXO 32:9

9 Then Yahweh said to Mosheh, “I’ve seen this people, and look, they’re so stubborn.

OET-LV EXO 32:9

9 And_ YHWH _he/it_said to Mosheh I_have_seen DOM the_people the_this and_BEHOLD/LO/SEE is_a_people stiff_of neck it.

EXO 33:3: RV EXO 33:3 · LV EXO 33:3 · Read together EXO 33:3

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OET-RV EXO 33:3

3 It’s a land flowing with milk and honey, but I won’t stay among you in case I decide to destroy you on the way because you’re stubborn people.”

OET-LV EXO 33:3

3 To a_land flowing_of milk and_honey if/because not I_will_go_up in_midst_of_your if/because are_a_people stiff_of neck you lest I_should_make_an_end_of_you on_journey.
All 6 recorded passages for this sense

EXO: RV EXO 32:9 · RV EXO 33:3 · RV EXO 33:5 · RV EXO 34:9 · LV EXO 32:9 · LV EXO 33:3 · LV EXO 33:5 · LV EXO 34:9 · Read together EXO 32:9 · Read together EXO 33:3 · Read together EXO 33:5 · Read together EXO 34:9

DEU: RV DEU 9:6 · RV DEU 9:13 · LV DEU 9:6 · LV DEU 9:13 · Read together DEU 9:6 · Read together DEU 9:13

Sense 11: stubborn, obstinate

Semantic domains: Unwilling (002001002031)

Core domains: Willingness (197)

Definition: literally: hard of face; hence: = state in which humans are stubborn and unwilling to yield

Collocations: קְשֵׁי פָנִים

EZE 2:4: RV EZE 2:4 · LV EZE 2:4 · Read together EZE 2:4

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OET-RV EZE 2:4

4 Their descendants are very stubborn and hardheaded. I’m sending you to them, and you’ll tell them that this is what the master Yahweh is saying to them.

OET-LV EZE 2:4

4 And_the_children are_stern_of face and_hard_of heart I am_sending you to_them and_you_will_say to_them thus my_master YHWH he_says.