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ZION
The Jebusite fortress in Jerusalem conquered by David. Thereafter, Zion was used by biblical writers to identify other areas of Jerusalem and was used as a designation of the entire city. Zion was also used to describe, spiritually speaking, the eternal city of God.
Geographical Sites
The Jebusite Fortress
The first occurrence of the word “Zion” is in the narrative of David’s conquest of Jerusalem (2 Sm 5:6-10; 1 Chr 11:4-9). David captured the “fortress of Zion,” which was thereafter known as the “city of David.” The “fortress of Zion” may refer to the entire walled perimeter of the approximately 11-acre (4.5-hectare) site on the southeastern ridge (the Ophel Ridge), or to a smaller fortified area within that site.
Jump to OET SA2 5:6–10 section.
Jump to OET CH1 11:4–9 section.
The Temple Mount
Changes in the perimeter of the city by incorporating more territory within the walls extend the term Zion. When Solomon built the temple and his palace and extended the walls north of the Ophel Ridge to encompass the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite (2 Sm 24:16-18; 1 Chr 21:15-18, 28 OET CH1 21:15–18 · OET CH1 21:28), the name Zion was applied to these areas as well. The transfer of the ark “from the city of David which is Zion” (1 Kgs 8:1; 2 Chr 5:2) to the temple hill brought both an extension and a reduction of the territory embraced by the term “Zion.” The whole city could still be called Zion, but from this point on, there would be a close identification between Zion and the temple hill. The temple precincts became the primary Zion; references to Zion in the poetic books and the preaching of the prophets are primarily to the temple area as the dwelling place of God.
Jump to OET SA2 24:16–18 section.
Jump to OET CH1 21:15–18 section. · OET CH1 21:28 section.
Jump to OET KI1 8:1 section.
Jump to OET CH2 5:2 section.
The Entire City
The word “Zion” can be used as a designation of the entire city or its population without any particular reference to the temple area. This use is clearest in poetic passages where Zion is the parallel term to Jerusalem (Pss 51:18; 76:2; 102:21; 135:21; 147:12; Is 2:3; 30:19; 33:20; 37:32; 40:9; 41:27; 62:1; Jer 26:18; 51:35; Am 1:2; Zep 3:14) or to the villages of Judah (Pss 69:35; 97:8; Is 40:9).
Jump to OET PSA 51:18 section.
Jump to OET PSA 76:2 section.
Jump to OET PSA 102:21 section.
Jump to OET PSA 135:21 section.
Jump to OET PSA 147:12 section.
Jump to OET ISA 2:3 section.
Jump to OET ISA 30:19 section.
Jump to OET ISA 33:20 section.
Jump to OET ISA 37:32 section.
Jump to OET ISA 40:9 section.
Jump to OET ISA 41:27 section.
Jump to OET ISA 62:1 section.
Jump to OET JER 26:18 section.
Jump to OET JER 51:35 section.
Jump to OET AMO 1:2 section.
Jump to OET ZEP 3:14 section.
Jump to OET PSA 69:35 section.
Jump to OET PSA 97:8 section.
Theological Motifs
In the Old Testament
Many theological motifs attach to the Zion theme as it develops in redemptive history. The dominant motif of Zion as the dwelling place of God, the place where God is in the midst of his people, is conjoined to the larger theme of Immanuel, “God in our midst.” Just as the pillar of fire and cloud stood above the tabernacle during the wilderness wandering, so once Israel had attained the place of God’s choosing (Dt 12:5-14), he would dwell there. When Jerusalem became David’s capital and Solomon had completed the temple, the glory cloud filled the temple (1 Kgs 8:10; 2 Chr 5:13-14) and Jerusalem became the dwelling place of God (Pss 74:2; 76:2; 135:21; Is 8:18; Jl 3:17-21). The Lord loved and chose Zion (Pss 78:68; 132:13). His glorious presence was there, and from there he would speak (50:1-2). His fire was in Zion, his furnace in Jerusalem (Is 31:8-9). There he was enthroned above the cherubim (Pss 9:11; 99:1-2) and ruled over his people and the nations (Is 24:23). His chosen king ruled from that holy hill (Pss 2:6; 48:1).
Jump to OET DEU 12:5–14 section.
Jump to OET KI1 8:10 section.
Jump to OET CH2 5:13–14 section.
Jump to OET PSA 74:2 section.
Jump to OET ISA 8:18 section.
Jump to OET JOL 3:17–21 section.
Jump to OET PSA 78:68 section.
Jump to OET PSA 132:13 section.
Jump to OET PSA 50:1–2 section.
Jump to OET ISA 31:8–9 section.
Jump to OET PSA 9:11 section.
Jump to OET PSA 99:1–2 section.
Jump to OET ISA 24:23 section.
Jump to OET PSA 2:6 section.
Jump to OET PSA 48:1 section.
Though the size of the site of ancient Jerusalem is not particularly impressive and ordinarily would not be considered a large hill, for the psalmist Zion is God’s holy hill (Ps 99:9). The prophets describe it as “chief among the mountains, raised above the hills” (Is 2:2; Mi 4:1). The Canaanite god Baal was thought to dwell on a great mountain to the north, Mt Zaphon, so the psalmist describes Zion as “beautiful in its loftiness, like the utmost heights of Mt Zaphon” (Ps 48:1-2). God’s sanctuary is “like the high mountains” (Ps 78:68; Ez 40:2).
Jump to OET PSA 99:9 section.
Jump to OET ISA 2:2 section.
Jump to OET MIC 4:1 section.
Jump to OET PSA 48:1–2 section.
Jump to OET EZE 40:2 section.
An adequate water supply has been a problem for Jerusalem throughout its history. During the OT period, the city’s water came from one small spring. But in the eyes of the poets and prophets, Zion is gladdened by a great river that brings life wherever it flows (Ps 46:4; Ez 47:1-12; Jl 3:18; Zec 13:1; 14:8; see Rv 22:1-2). The threatening waters of chaos cannot shake the city of God (Ps 46:1-3).
Jump to OET PSA 46:4 section.
Jump to OET EZE 47:1–12 section.
Jump to OET JOL 3:18 section.
Jump to OET ZEC 13:1 section.
Jump to OET ZEC 14:8 section.
Jump to OET REV 22:1–2 section.
Jump to OET PSA 46:1–3 section.
Because Zion is the city of God, it is the object of pilgrims, Jew and Gentile alike, who thirst to be in the presence of God in Zion’s temple (Pss 42:1-2; 63:1). The pilgrim psalms give vivid expression to their longing (84; 122; 125–128 OET PSA 125:1–5 · OET PSA 126:1–6 · OET PSA 127:1–5 · OET PSA 128:1–6). All humanity will come to God in Zion (65:1-4). The Gentiles will make annual pilgrimages bringing gifts (Ps 76; Is 18:7; Zep 3:9-10); even former enemies will be regarded as native-born citizens of Zion (Ps 87; Is 60:14; Zec 14:21). The nations will stream into Jerusalem to inaugurate an era of peace (Is 2:1-5; Mi 4:1-8). Year after year the festivals of Israel will be celebrated in Zion by Gentiles (Zec 14:16-19).
Jump to OET PSA 42:1–2 section.
Jump to OET PSA 63:1 section.
Jump to OET PSA 84:1–12 section.
Jump to OET PSA 122:1–9 section.
Jump to OET PSA 65:1–4 section.
Jump to OET PSA 76:1–12 section.
Jump to OET ISA 18:7 section.
Jump to OET ZEP 3:9–10 section.
Jump to OET PSA 87:1–7 section.
Jump to OET ISA 60:14 section.
Jump to OET ZEC 14:21 section.
Jump to OET ISA 2:1–5 section.
Jump to OET MIC 4:1–8 section.
Jump to OET ZEC 14:16–19 section.
In the New Testament
The NT further develops the emphasis on both the heavenly and the eschatological Zion. For example, the author of Hebrews said that the OT saints looked “forward to the city with foundations, whose architect and builder is God . . . longing for a better country—a heavenly one” (Heb 11:10, 16 OET HEB 11:10 · OET HEB 11:16, niv), but none of them received the promises because God had planned something even better (vv 39-40). The church now enjoys what believers of the old covenant could never know: unlimited access to the presence of God in that Holy City, “Mount Zion, the heavenly Jerusalem, the city of the living God” (12:22; see vv 18-24). Earthly Zion is but a shadow of the heavenly reality. The present city of Jerusalem is likened to a slave woman, but the heavenly Jerusalem is free and the mother of both Jew and Gentile (Gal 4:21-27; see Is 49:14-23; 54:1). The NT also looks forward to the eschatological expectation of the re-creation of heaven and earth and the revelation of the new Jerusalem (Rv 21:2). It is a city on a great high mountain (Rv 21:10; see Pss 48:1-2; 78:68; Is 2:2; Ez 40:2; Mi 4:1), and a river of life flows within (Rv 22:1-2).
Jump to OET HEB 11:10 section. · OET HEB 11:16 section.
Jump to OET HEB 11:39–40 section.
Jump to OET HEB 12:22 section.
Jump to OET HEB 12:18–24 section.
Jump to OET GAL 4:21–27 section.
Jump to OET ISA 49:14–23 section.
Jump to OET ISA 54:1 section.
Jump to OET REV 21:2 section.
Jump to OET REV 21:10 section.
See also Jerusalem; Jerusalem, New.