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2KIIntroC1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8C9C10C11C12C13C14C15C16C17C18C19C20C21C22C23C24C25

Open English Translation 2KI Chapter 23

2KI 23 ©

Readers’ Version

Literal Version

23:1 Yoshiyyah removes false gods

(2 Chr. 34:3-7)

23Then King Yoshiyyah summoned all the elders of Yerushalem and across Yehudah, 2and he went to the temple and all the inhabitants of Yerushalem and from all across Yehudah went with him, along with the priests and prophets, and all the people from the most to the least important. Then he read to them every word on the scroll of the agreement that had been found in Yahweh’s residence. 3Then the king stood by the pillar and he made a commitment in front of Yahweh to follow Yahweh and to obey his commandments and testimonies and statutes with all sincerity, and with every desire to respect the words of that agreement that had been written on that scroll. All the people were also included in that commitment.

4Then the king commanded the high priest Hilkiyyah and the other priests, and the temple guards to bring out all the utensils that were made for Baal and Asherah and for all the constellations, and he burnt them outside Yerushalem in the Kidron countryside, and carried their ashes to Beyt-El. 5He got rid of the pagan priests that the kings of Yehudah had appointed to burn incense in the hilltop shrines around Yerushalem and across the rest of Yehudah, and the ones who burnt incense to Baal, and to the sun and moon and to the planets and constellations. 6He got the Asherah pole out from Yahweh’s temple and burnt it in the Kidron valley outside Yerushalem, then he pounded the ashes to dust and threw it over people’s graves. 7He demolished the cubicles of the male temple prostitutes that were inside Yahweh’s temple where the women were weaving Asherah coverings.[fn] 8He brought all the priests to Yerushalem from the cities of Yehudah, and he desecrated the hilltop shrines where the priests had burnt incense, from Geba to Beer-Sheva. He demolished the hilltop shrines that Yehoshua (a city official) had built near the city gate (on the left of the gate as you entered the city). 9However those priests from those hilltop shrines weren’t allowed to serve at the altar in Yerushalem, but they were allowed to eat unleavened bread like the other priests.

10Yoshiyyah also desecrated the Tofet, which was in the Ben-Hinnom valley, so that the people couldn’t sacrifice their children to Molek. 11The horses that the kings of Yehudah had offered to the sun, he prevented from approaching the hall of the official Natan-Melek that was in the courtyards of Yahweh’s temple, and he set fire to the chariots of the sun. 12Then the king tore down the altars that were on the roof in the Ahaz’s upper chamber that the kings of Yehudah made, and the altars that Manasseh made in the two courts of Yahweh’s temple and he threw the rubble into the Kidron valley. 13The king desecrated the hilltop shrines that faced Yerushalem—they were south of the ‘Mount of Destruction’ (the Mount of Olives). King Shelomoh had built shrines for Ashtarot (the disgusting god of the Sidonians) and for Kemosh (the disgusting god of Moab) and for Molek (the disgusting god of the Ammonites. 14He also smashed the sacred pillars and cut down the Asherah poles, then he desecrated those places by filling them with human bones.

15He also demolished the altar that was in Bayt-El—the hilltop shrinee that Nebat’s son Yarave’am had made when he’d caused Israel to sin. He demolished both that altar and the hilltop shrine, then he burnt the shrine. He crushed everything to dust, and he burnt the Asherah pole. 16As Yoshiyyah turned around, he noticed some graves that were there on the hillside, so he had some bones removed from the graves, and he burnt them on the altar to desecrate it. This fulfilled what Yahweh had said through the man of God who’d proclaimed these things.[ref] 17Yoshiyyah turned again and asked, “Whose tomb is that?”

“It’s the prophet’s tomb,” the people of Beyt-El replied, “The one who came from Yehudah and predicted that what you just did to that altar would happen.” 18Don’t disturb it then,” the king ordered. “Don’t let anyone remove his bones.”

So They left his bones alone, along with the bones of the other prophet who came from Samaria. 19So King Yoshiyyah removed all the hilltop shrines that the Israeli kings had made in the cities of Samaria, provoking Yahweh’s anger. The king destroyed them just like he’d done to the ones in Beyt-El. 20He executed all the priests from those hilltop shrines on the altars there, and then he burnt human bones on them to desecrate them. Then he returned to Yerushalem.

23And_sent the_king and_gathered to_him/it all_of the_elders_of Yəhūdāh and_Yərūshālam/(Jerusalem).
2And_he/it_ascended the_king the_house_of YHWH and_all (the)_person_of Yəhūdāh and_all the_inhabitants_of Yərūshālam with_him/it and_the_priests and_the_prophets and_all the_people to_from_small and_unto [the]_great and_he/it_called in/on/at/with_hearing_of_their DOM all_of the_words_of the_scroll_of the_covenant the_found in_house_of YHWH.
3And_stood the_king at the_pillar and_made DOM the_covenant to_(the)_face_of/in_front_of/before YHWH to_go after YHWH and_to_keep commands_of_his and_DOM decrees_of_his and_DOM statutes_of_his in_all [the]_heart and_on/over_all [the]_being to_carry_out DOM the_words_of the_covenant the_this the_written on the_book the_this and_ all_of _joined the_people in/on/at/with_covenant.
4And_he/it_commanded the_king DOM Ḩilqiyyāh the_priest/officer the_high and_DOM the_priests_of the_second and_DOM the_keepers_of the_threshold to_bring_out of_temple_of of_YHWH DOM all_of the_vessels the_made for_the_Baˊal and_for_the_ʼₐshērāh and_to/for_all the_host_of the_heavens and_burned_them at_outside of_Yərūshālam in/on/at/with_fields_of Qidrōn and_carried DOM ashes_of_their Bēyt- el.
5And_did_away_with DOM the_idolatrous_priests whom they_had_appointed the_kings_of Yəhūdāh/(Judah) and_burn_incense in/on/at/with_high_places in/on/at/with_cities_of Yəhūdāh and_around_of Yərūshālam/(Jerusalem) and_DOM the_burned_incense to_the_Baˊal to_the_sun and_to_the_moon and_to_the_constellations and_to/for_all the_host_of the_heavens.
6And_brought_out DOM the_ʼₐshērāh_pole from_house_of YHWH at_outside of_Yərūshālam to the_wadi_of Qidrōn and_burned DOM_her/it in/on/at/with_brook_of Qidrōn and_beat to_dust and_threw DOM dust_of_its on the_burial_site_of the_sons_of the_people.
7And_tore_down DOM the_houses_of the_male_cult_prostitutes which in_house_of YHWH where the_women [were]_weaving there houses for_the_ʼₐshērāh.
8And_he/it_brought DOM all_of the_priests from_cities_of Yəhūdāh and_defiled DOM the_high_places where they_had_made_smoke where_at the_priests from_Geⱱaˊ to Bəʼēr Sheⱱaˊ and_broke_down DOM the_high_places_of the_gates which [were_at]_the_entrance_of the_gate_of Yəhōshūˊa/(Joshua) the_governor_of the_city which [was]_at [the]_left_side anyone in/on/at/with_gate_of the_city.
9Nevertheless not they_went_up the_priests_of the_high_places to the_altar_of YHWH in/on/at/with_Yərūshālam if/because (if) they_ate unleavened_bread(s) in_the_middle fellow_of_their.
10And_defiled DOM the_Tofet which [was]_in_the_valley_of_the_sons_of_Hinnom_[was]_in_the_valley_of_Ben Hinnom[fn] [was]_in_the_valley_of_Ben to_not to_pass anyone DOM his/its_son and_DOM daughter_of_his in/on/at/with_fire to_the_Molek.
11And_removed DOM the_horses which they_had_dedicated the_kings_of Yəhūdāh/(Judah) to_the_sun at_entrance of_the_house_of of_YHWH at the_room_of Nātān the_eunuch which in/on/at/with_precincts and_DOM the_chariots_of the_sun he_burned in/on/at/with_fire.
12And the_altars which [were]_on the_roof the_upper_room_of ʼĀḩāz which they_had_made the_kings_of Yəhūdāh and_DOM the_altars which Mənashsheh he_had_made in/on/at/with_two_of the_courtyards_of the_house_of YHWH he_pulled_down the_king and_smashed from_there and_threw DOM dust_of_their into the_wadi_of Qidrōn.
13And_DOM the_high_places which [were]_on the_face_of Yərūshālam/(Jerusalem) which on_south_of mount_of the_destruction which Shəlomoh he_had_built the_king_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) for_ˊAshtoret the_detestable_thing_of [the]_Tsīdonī/(Sidonians) and_for_Kəmōsh/(Chemosh) the_detestable_thing_of Mōʼāⱱ and_for_Malkām the_abomination_of the_people_of ˊAmmōn he_made_unclean the_king.
14And_broke_in_pieces DOM the_sacred_pillars and_cut_down DOM the_ʼₐshērāh_poles and_covered DOM sites_of_their bones_of humankind.
15And_also DOM the_altar which in_house_of el the_high_place which he_had_made Yārāⱱəˊām/(Jeroboam) the_son_of Neⱱaţ who he_caused_to_sin DOM Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) also DOM the_altar (the)_that and_DOM the_high_place he_tore_down and_burned DOM the_high_place he_pulverized_[it] to_dust and_burned [the]_ʼAshērāh_pole.
16And_ Yʼoshiyyāh/(Josiah) _turned and_he/it_saw DOM the_tombs which [were]_there in/on/at/with_mountain and_sent and_he/it_took DOM the_bones from the_tombs and_burned on the_altar and_defiled_it according_to_word_of YHWH which he_had_proclaimed the_man_of the_ʼElohīm who he_proclaimed DOM the_things the_these.
17And_he/it_said what the_monument this which I [am]_seeing and_they_said to_him/it the_people_of the_city the_tomb the_man_of the_ʼElohīm who he_came from_Yəhūdāh/(Judah) and_he/it_called DOM the_things the_these which you_have_done on the_altar_of Bēyt- el.
18And_he/it_said leave_alone to_him/it anyone not let_him_disturb bones_of_his and_left_undisturbed bones_of_his with the_bones_of the_prophet who he_had_come from_Shomrōn.
19And_also DOM all_of the_houses_of the_high_places which in/on/at/with_towns_of Shomrōn which the_kings_of they_had_made of_Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) to_provoking_toanger Yʼoshiyyāh he_removed and_he/it_made to/for_them just_as_all_of the_things which he_had_done in_house_of el.
20And_he/it_sacrificed DOM all_of the_priests_of the_high_places who [were]_there on the_altars and_burned DOM bones_of humankind on_them and_returned Yərūshālam/(Jerusalem).

23:21 The celebration of ‘pass-over’

(2 Chr. 35:1-19)

21Then the king commanded all the people, “Celebrate ‘pass-over’ for your God Yahweh according to what’s written on this scroll with the agreement.” 22Since the days of the leaders who judged Israel, or in all the days of the kings of Israel and Yehudah, a ‘pass-over’ had never been celebrated like that one 23in the eighteenth year of King Yoshiyyah’s reign. That ‘pass-over’ celebration in Yerushalem was to honour Yahweh.

21And_he/it_commanded the_king DOM all_of the_people to_say observe a_passover to/for_YHWH god_of_your_all’s as_the_written on the_scroll_of the_covenant the_this.
22If/because not it_had_been_observed like_a_passover the_this from_days_of the_judges who they_judged DOM Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) and_all/each/any/every the_days_of the_kings_of Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) and_kings_of Yəhūdāh.
23If/because (if) in/on/at/with_eight teen year to/for_the_king Yʼoshiyyāh/(Josiah) it_was_observed the_passover the_this to/for_YHWH in/on/at/with_Yərūshālam.

23:24 King Yoshiyyah’s other activities

24King Yoshiyyah also removed the ritual pits and the soothsayers, and the images and idols, and all the abhorrences that were seen in Yerushalem and in the Yehudah region, in his diligence to obey everything that was written on the scroll that the priest Hilkiyyah found in the temple. 25No other king had been like Yoshiyyah who’d led the people back to obeying Yahwehfollowing Mosheh’s written instructions with all his heart and all his spirit and all his energy. What’s more, there’s never been a king like him since then either.

26However, Yahweh’s anger against Yehudah hadn’t cooled down after everything that King Menashsheh had done[ref] to make him angry, 27and Yahweh said, “I will also remove Yehudah out of my sight, just like I removed Israel. I’ll also reject this city of Yerushalem that I chose, as well as the house where I’d said that my name would be established.”

28Everything else that Yoshiyyah said and did is written in the book of the events of the kings of Yehudah. 29While he was still king, the Egyptian king Far-oh Nekoh attacked the Assyrian king near the Euphrates River. King Yoshiyyah went to meet him, but Nekoh killed him at Megiddo when he saw him. 30His servants brought his body back to Yerushalem from Megiddo, and they buried him in his own tomb. Then the people got his son Yehoahaz, and they anointed him and made him king in place of his father.

24And_also DOM the_mediums and_DOM the_spiritists and_DOM the_household_gods and_DOM the_idols and_DOM all_of the_abominations which they_were_seen in_land of_Yəhūdāh/(Judah) and_in/on/at/with_Yərūshālam Yʼoshiyyāh he_removed so_as to_carry_out DOM the_words_of the_law the_written on the_book which Ḩilqiyyāh he_had_found the_priest/officer the_house_of YHWH.
25And_like_him not he_had_been before_face/front_him a_king who he_turned_back to YHWH in_all heart_of_his and_on/over_all soul_of_his and_on/over_all might_of_his according_to_all_of the_law_of Mosheh and_after_him not he_arose like_him.
26Nevertheless not YHWH he_turned_back from_fury_of anger_of_his the_great which anger_of_his it_burned in/on/at/with_Yəhūdāh on all_of the_provocations which provoked_him Mənashsheh.
27And_ YHWH _he/it_said also DOM Yəhūdāh I_will_remove from_under sight_of_my just_as I_removed DOM Yisrāʼēl/(Israel) and_reject DOM the_city the_this which I_chose DOM Yərūshālam/(Jerusalem) and_DOM the_house which I_said it_will_be name_of_my there.
28And_rest_of the_matters_of Yʼoshiyyāh/(Josiah) and_all that he_did not [are]_they written on the_scroll_of the_matters_of the_days of_kings_of of_Yəhūdāh.
29In/on/at/with_days_of_his Parˊoh he_went_up Nəkoh the_king_of Miʦrayim/(Egypt) on the_king_of ʼAshshūr to the_river_of Fərāt and_he/it_went the_king Yʼoshiyyāh to_meet_him and_killed_him in/on/at/with_Məgiddō when_saw_he DOM_him/it.
30And_carried_ina_chariot_him servants_of_his dead from_Məgiddō and_brought_him Yərūshālam and_buried_him in/on/at/with_tomb_of_his_own and_ the_people_of _he/it_took the_earth/land DOM Yəhōʼāḩāz/(Jehoahaz) the_son_of Yʼoshiyyāh and_anointed DOM_him/it and_made_king DOM_him/it in_place_of his/its_father.

23:31 Yehoahaz’s reign over Yehudah

(2 Chr. 36:2-4)

31Yehoahaz was twenty-three when he became king, and he reigned from Yerushalem for only three months. (His mother was Yirmeyah’s daughter Hamutal from Livnah.) 32He did what Yahweh had said was evil like many of his ancestors had done. 33Far-oh Nekoh took him from Yerushalem and imprisoned him at Rivlah in the Hamat region, and he forced the residents ot Yehudah to pay him thirty kilograms of gold and three tonnes of silver. 34Then Nekoh appointed Yoshiyyah’s son Elyakim as the new king but changed his name to Yehoyakim. Then he took Yehoahaz to Egypt where he eventually died. 35So Yehoyakim paid the gold and silver to Far-oh by assessing the wealth of the people and then forcibly collecting the gold and silver from them to send to Far-oh Nekoh.

31[was]_a_son_of twenty and_three year[s] Yəhōʼāḩāz in/on/at/with_became_king_he and_three months he_reigned in/on/at/with_Yərūshālam and_name_of his/its_mother [was]_Ḩₐmūţal the_daughter_of Yirməyāh/(Jeremiah) from_Liⱱnāh.
32And_he/it_made the_evil in/on_both_eyes_of YHWH according_to_all that they_had_done ancestors_of_his.
33And_confined_him Parˊoh Nəkoh in/on/at/with_Riⱱlāh in_land of_Ḩₐmāt in/on/at/with_reign[fn][fn] in/on/at/with_Yərūshālam/(Jerusalem) and_imposed a_fine on the_earth/land one_hundred talent[s]_of silver and_talent_of gold.
34And_ Parˊoh _made_king Nəkoh DOM ʼElyāqīm the_son_of Yʼoshiyyāh/(Josiah) in_place_of Yʼoshiyyāh his/its_father and_changed DOM his/its_name Yəhōyāqīm/(Jehoiakim) and_DOM Yəhōʼāḩāz he_took and_brought Miʦrayim/(Egypt) and_he/it_died there.
35And_the_silver and_the_gold Yəhōyāqīm he_gave to_Parˊoh only he_taxed DOM the_earth/land to_give DOM the_money on the_mouth_of Parˊoh each according_to_assessment_of_his he_exacted DOM the_silver and_DOM the_gold DOM the_people_of the_earth/land to_give to_Parˊoh Nəkoh.

23:36 Yehoyakim’s reign over Yehudah

(2 Chr. 36:5-8)

36Yehoyakim was twenty-five when he became king, and he reigned from Yerushalem for eleven years. (His mother was Pedayah’s daughter Zebudah from Rumah.) 37He did what Yahweh had said was evil like many of his ancestors had done.


23:7 It’s not exactly clear what these woven objects were, or how or where they were used.


36[was]_a_son_of twenty and_five year[s] Yəhōyāqīm in/on/at/with_became_king_he and_one_of ten year[s] he_reigned in/on/at/with_Yərūshālam and_name_of his/its_mother [was]_Zebudah[fn] the_daughter_of Pəyāh from Rūmāh.
37And_he/it_made the_evil in/on_both_eyes_of YHWH according_to_all that they_had_done ancestors_of_his.

23:10 Variant note: בני: (x-qere) ’בֶן’: lemma_1121 a morph_HNp id_12X2W בֶן

23:33 Variant note: ב/מלך: (x-qere) ’מִ/מְּלֹ֖ךְ’: lemma_m/4427 a n_1.0 morph_HR/Vqc id_12QiP מִ/מְּלֹ֖ךְ

23:33 Note: Adaptations to a Qere which L and BHS, by their design, do not indicate.

23:36 Variant note: זבידה: (x-qere) ’זְבוּדָּ֥ה’: lemma_2080 morph_HNp id_12aJ7 זְבוּדָּ֥ה


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Nebuchadnezzar’s Final Campaign against Judah

2 Kings 23:19-25:30; Jeremiah 39

The final collapse of the southern kingdom of Judah as an independent nation came at the hands of King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in 586 B.C. Judah had already become a vassal of Egypt in 609 B.C. when King Josiah was killed by Pharaoh Neco at Megiddo (see “Josiah Battles Neco” map). Then in 605 B.C., after Egypt and Assyria were defeated by Nebuchadnezzar at Carchemish, Judah’s vassal loyalty transferred to Babylon. At that time, some of the Judean nobility were sent into exile, including Daniel and his friends (Daniel 1:1-7). Several years later in 597 B.C. a second exile occurred in retaliation for King Jehoiakim’s refusal to continue paying tribute to Babylon, and this likely included the prophet Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1:1-3). Finally, in 586 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar conquered many of the fortified towns throughout Judah and destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple after King Zedekiah refused to submit to his Babylonian overlords any longer. Nebuchadnezzar began this campaign into Judah by heading south along the Great Trunk Road and dividing his forces near Aphek, sending some of them to Jerusalem from the north and others from the southwest. At some point during his siege of Jerusalem, King Hophra of Egypt advanced toward Judah to support Judah’s rebellion against Babylon, and Nebuchadnezzar lifted the siege to confront Hophra (Jeremiah 37:5-8). It is unclear exactly what transpired between Hophra’s forces and Nebuchadnezzar’s forces, but apparently Hophra’s forces returned to Egypt, and Nebuchadnezzar’s forces returned to finish besieging Jerusalem. When the Babylonians finally breached the main northern wall, it became clear that all hope was lost, and King Zedekiah and his sons fled on horseback through a gate at the southeastern corner of Jerusalem (see “Jerusalem during the Early Old Testament” map). They followed the Ascent of Adummim toward Jericho, perhaps seeking to escape to Ammon, but the Babylonians captured Zedekiah and his sons on the plains of Jericho and sent them to Riblah. There they killed Zedekiah’s sons, blinded Zedekiah, and sent him to Babylon to die in exile. After completely destroying Jerusalem and the Temple, the Babylonians sent many other Judean nobles and their families to Babylon (see “Judah Is Exiled to Babylon” map) and appointed a Judean named Gedaliah as governor over the region at Mizpah, thus bringing an end to the independent kingdom of Judah. Around this time it also appears that the Edomites took advantage of Judah’s vulnerable situation and captured territory for themselves in the Negev. In response, the prophets Obadiah and Ezekiel pronounced blistering curses upon the Edomites (Obadiah 1:1-21; Ezekiel 25:12-14).

2KI 23 ©

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