RUTH 1:13 Interlinear View

1. Hebrew word
2. Hebrew lemma
3. OET-LV words
4. OET-RV words
5. Strongs
6. Role/Morphology
7. Gloss
8. CAPS codes
9. OET tags
10. OET word #
1. הֲ,לָהֵן
2. 179380,179381
3. Therefore
4. -
5. 3860
6. S-Ti,C
7. ?,therefore
8. S
9. Y-1308
10. 123982
2. 179382
3. -
4. -
6. -x-paseq
8. -
9. -
10. 123983
1. תְּשַׂבֵּרְנָה
2. 179383
3. will you(pl) wait
4. -
6. V-Vpi2fp
7. will_you(pl)_wait
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123984
1. עַד
2. 179384
3. until
4. -
5. 5704
6. S-D
7. until
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123985
1. אֲשֶׁר
2. 179385
3. that
4. -
6. S-Tr
7. that
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123986
1. יִגְדָּלוּ
2. 179386
3. they will grow up
4. -
5. 1431
6. V-Vqi3mp
7. they_will_grow_up
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123987
1. הֲ,לָהֵן
2. 179387,179388
3. therefore
4. -
5. 3860
6. S-Ti,C
7. ?,therefore
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123988
1. תֵּעָגֵנָה
2. 179389
3. will you shut yourselves off
4. -
5. 5702
6. V-VNi2fp
7. will_you_shut_yourselves_off
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123989
1. לְ,בִלְתִּי
2. 179390,179391
3. to not
4. -
5. 1115
6. S-R,C
7. to=not
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123990
1. הֱיוֹת
2. 179392
3. to belong
4. -
5. 1961
6. V-Vqc
7. to_belong
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123991
1. לְ,אִישׁ
2. 179393,179394
3. to a husband
4. -
5. 376
6. S-R,Ncmsa
7. to,a_husband
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123992
1. אַל
2. 179395
3. no
4. -
5. 408
6. S-Tn
7. no
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123993
1. בְּנֹתַ,י
2. 179396,179397
3. my daughters of my
4. No daughters
5. 1323
6. S-Ncfpc,Sp1cs
7. my_daughters_of,my
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123994
1. כִּי
2. 179398
3. if/because
4. -
6. S-C
7. if/because
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123995
2. 179399
3. -
4. -
6. -x-maqqef
8. -
9. -
10. 123996
1. מַר
2. 179400
3. it is bitter
4. -
5. 4843
6. V-Vqp3ms
7. it_is_bitter
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123997
2. 179401
3. -
4. -
6. -x-maqqef
8. -
9. -
10. 123998
1. לִ,י
2. 179402,179403
3. to me
4. -
6. S-R,Sp1cs
7. to=me
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 123999
1. מְאֹד
2. 179404
3. very
4. -
5. 3966
6. S-D
7. very
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 124000
1. מִ,כֶּם
2. 179405,179406
3. more than you(pl)
4. -
6. S-R,Sp2mp
7. more,than_you(pl)
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 124001
1. כִּי
2. 179407
3. if/because
4. -
6. S-C
7. if/because
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 124002
2. 179408
3. -
4. -
6. -x-maqqef
8. -
9. -
10. 124003
1. יָצְאָה
2. 179409
3. it has gone forth
4. -
5. 3318
6. V-Vqp3fs
7. it_has_gone_forth
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 124004
1. בִ,י
2. 179410,179411
3. on me
4. -
6. S-R,Sp1cs
7. on,me
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 124005
1. יַד
2. 179412
3. the hand of
4. -
5. 3027
6. S-Ncbsc
7. the_hand_of
8. -
9. Y-1308
10. 124006
2. 179413
3. -
4. -
6. -x-maqqef
8. -
9. -
10. 124007
1. יְהוָה
2. 179414
3. YHWH
4. Yahweh
5. 3068
6. S-Np
7. of_Yahweh
8. -
9. Person=God; Y-1308
10. 124008
2. 179415
3. -
4. -
6. -x-sof-pasuq
8. -
9. -
10. 124009

SIL Open Translator’s Notes:

Section 1:6–22: Naomi returned to Bethlehem with Ruth

This section talks about the next main event of the story, which is Naomi’s return to Bethlehem, accompanied by her daughter-in-law, Ruth.

Many scholars agree that verses 1:7–21 describe this event in detail, and that verse 1:22 is the closing verse of this section, which summarizes the event.

However, scholars do not agree about the function of verse 1:6. Some scholars believe that verse 1:6 is a summary introduction. It says that Naomi arose (she and her daughters-in-law) and returned from the region of Moab. Thus, this section begins and ends with a summary description of the main event.NICOT (pages 99–100 ): The common Hebrew idiom qûm plus a verb of motion (šûḇ) also signals the start of the story’s main action: Then she…returned. Structurally, the idiom is a summary-introduction to the following events (vv. 7–21) and forms an inclusio with the chapter’s summary-conclusion (cf. wattāšāḇ, v. 22). Further, it sounds the chapter’s main theme, namely, the return of Naomi.

Some other scholars do not believe that verse 1:6 is a summary introduction. Rather 1:6 describes the first part of the action. It says that she arose (she and her daughters-in-law) and prepared to return from the region of Moab.

The majority of versions follow the second suggestion. However, the first suggestion follows a pattern that is also in some other Hebrew narratives. An event is introduced by a summary statement, and the verses after it describe that event in detail.For example: Genesis 1:1 introduces the creation account of 1:2–31. Genesis 6:7 introduces the flood account of Genesis 6–9. Ruth 1:1–2 introduces the first section in Ruth 1:3–5. See the Note on 1:6b for more information.

Here are some other examples of section headings:

Naomi and Ruth Return to Bethlehem (NIV)

Naomi and Ruth Return (NLT)

Departure from Moab (GW)

1:13a

would you wait for them to grow up?

Would you^(dual) wait for them to grow up so you could marry them? No.
you would not wait for them to grow up.

would you wait for them to grow up?: This is a rhetorical question. It is used for emphasis. Naomi’s daughters-in-law would certainly not wait for any sons she might have to grow up. Her new sons would be too young to marry Ruth and Orpah.

There are two ways to translate this rhetorical question:

Use a rhetorical question. For example:
Would you wait for them until they become old enough to marry? (CEV)
Use a statement. For example:
Surely you would not want to wait until they were old enough to marry! (NET)

1:13b

Would you refrain from having husbands?

Would you^(dual) stay single/alone until you could marry them? No.
Surely you would not refuse to marry while you waited for them to grow up.

Would you refrain from having husbands?: This is another rhetorical question. It emphasizes again that Orpah and Ruth had no reason to go with Naomi. They would not turn down other opportunities to get married, and to wait until Naomi’s sons became old enough to marry.

There are two ways to translate this rhetorical question:

Use a rhetorical question. For example:
Would you…and stay single just for them? (GW)
Would you…refuse to marry someone else? (NLT)
Use a statement. For example:
Surely you would not remain unmarried all that time! (NET)

1:13c

No, my daughters, it grieves me very much for your sakes

No, my daughters. What has happened to me is even worse than what has happened to you^(dual),
No, dear daughters-in-law, you know I will not have any more sons. My life has been much harder than yours,

No, my daughters: There are two ways to interpret the word No:

Naomi said No to the idea that Ruth and Orpah could expect her to have more sons. For example:
No, my daughters, you know that’s impossible. (GNT) (GNT, NLT, NCV)
Naomi said No to Ruth and Orpah’s proposal to accompany her. For example:
No, my daughters, you must not return with me. (NET) (NET)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). This is supported by some commentariesUBS, WBC, NICOT. and some English versions. Most versions, including the BSB, are ambiguous.

it grieves me very much for your sakes: There are three ways to interpret the phrase it grieves me very much:

It means that the situation grieves Naomi more than her daughters-in-law. For example:
My bitterness is much worse than yours (GW) (CEV, GW, NASB, NIV, NLT, NRSV)
It means that the situation grieves Naomi on account of her daughters-in-law. She felt sorry for them. For example:
For your sakes I feel bitter that the Lord has inflicted such misfortune on me (REB) (BSB, ESV, GNT, KJV, NJB, REB, RSV)
It means that the situation grieves Naomi too much to share her grief with her daughters-in-law. For example:
For my intense suffering is too much for you to bear. (NET) (NABRE, NCV, NET)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). This interpretation is followed by many English versions and fits the context well.

grieves me: The Hebrew phrase that the BSB translates as grieves me is more literally “bitter to me.” The word “bitter” refers to an irritating, pungent taste. It is used figuratively to refer to an unpleasant experience.

Here are some other ways to translate this clause:

My bitterness is much worse than yours (GW)

Life is harder for me than it is for you (CEV)

Your situations are bad…my situation is much worse (T4T)

1:13d

that the hand of the LORD has gone out against me.”

for Yahweh has turned against me.”
because Yahweh has opposed me.”

the hand of the LORD has gone out against me: The phrase the hand of the LORD is a figure of speech. It indicates the power or ability of Yahweh to perform some action. Naomi was accusing the LORD of taking action against her, or at least using others to cause her difficulty.

Here are some ways to translate this clause:

General Comment on 1:13c–d

Keep the figure of speech. For example:
because the Lord himself has raised his fist against me (NLT)
Translate the meaning without the figure of speech. For example:
The Lord has turned against me (GNT)
because the Lord has been against me (NCV)
because the Lord has sent me so much trouble (GW)

In some languages, it may be best to reverse the order of 1:13c and 1:13d. Here is one way to do this:

The LORD himself has turned against me, so what has happened to me is even worse than what has happened to you.

uW Translation Notes:

Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / rquestion

הֲ⁠לָהֵ֣ן ׀ תְּשַׂבֵּ֗רְנָה עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ

?,therefore wait until which/who grown ?,therefore refrain to=not to_be to,a_husband

Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse and immediately asks another rhetorical question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: [you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would need to marry a husband before then.]

?,therefore wait until which/who grown ?,therefore refrain to=not to_be to,a_husband

This idea refers to the custom among the ancient Hebrews that, if a married man died, one of his brothers would marry the man’s widow. See the introduction for more explanation. If it would be helpful, you could put some of this information in a footnote.

Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

מַר־לִ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙

bitter to=me very

Here, bitterness is a metaphor for grief. Alternate translation: [it is a great grief for me]

Note 3 topic: figures-of-speech / metonymy

יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה

gone_out on,me hand_of YHWH

Here, hand represents the power of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: [the power of Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me]

Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / explicit

יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה

gone_out on,me hand_of YHWH

The implication is that Yahweh caused the deaths of Naomi’s family. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: [Yahweh has taken away our husbands]

OET-LV English word order (‘Reverse’ interlinear)

Note: The OET-RV is still only a first draft, and so far only a few words have been (mostly automatically) matched to the Hebrew or Greek words that they’re translated from.

Acknowledgements: The Hebrew text, lemmas, and morphology are all thanks to the OSHB and some of the glosses are from Macula Hebrew.

OET interlinear RUTH 1:13