OET interlinear GAL 1:1

uW Translation Notes:

Παῦλος

Paul

Here, Paul is introducing himself as the author of this letter. Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter. Use that here. Alternate translation: “This letter is from me, Paul”

Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / 123person

Παῦλος

Paul

Paul is speaking of himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the first person. Alternate translation: “This letter is from me, Paul” or “I, Paul”

Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / doublenegatives

οὐκ ἀπ’ ἀνθρώπων, οὐδὲ δι’ ἀνθρώπου

not from humans nor through human_origin

If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate this phrase using only one negative word. Alternate translation: “not from men or through man”

Note 3 topic: figures-of-speech / explicit

οὐκ ἀπ’ ἀνθρώπων

not from humans

Here, the word from indicates source. The phrase not from men means that humans are not the source of Paul’s apostleship and that he was not commissioned or appointed to be an apostle by human beings. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “not sent out by people” or “not because I was appointed and sent by a group of people”

Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / gendernotations

ἀνθρώπων & ἀνθρώπου

humans & human_origin

Although the terms men and man are masculine, Paul uses them here in a generic sense to refer to humans in general. Alternate translation: “humans … humans” or “people … a person”

δι’ ἀνθρώπου, ἀλλὰ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς

through human_origin but through Jesus Christ and God /the/_Father

Both times that the word through is used in this verse it indicates agency or means and refers to the agency or means by which Paul’s was commissioned as an apostle. Choose the best word in your language to indicate the meaning of the word through here. Alternate translation: “through the agency of man, but through the agency of Jesus Christ and God the Father”

Note 5 topic: grammar-connect-logic-contrast

ἀλλὰ

but

The word but introduces a contrast. Here, the word but introduces a contrast between different potential agents or means of Paul’s commission. The contrast is between Paul’s apostleship being not through man but rather through Jesus Christ and God the Father. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “but rather”

Note 6 topic: figures-of-speech / distinguish

Θεοῦ Πατρὸς τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν

God /the/_Father ¬which /having/_raised him from /the/_dead

The phrase the one having raised him from the dead gives further information about God the Father. It is not making a distinction between God the Father and the one having raised him from the dead as if they are two separate entities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “God the Father, who is the same one who made Jesus Christ live again after he died” or “God the Father, who caused Jesus Christ to live again after he had died”

Note 7 topic: figures-of-speech / extrainfo

Θεοῦ Πατρὸς

God /the/_Father

Here, the phrase the Father could be (1) a general title for God which identifies him as the first person in the Christian Trinity. If you choose this option, then you should not define whose Father God is in your translation but, rather, you should use a general expression like the ULT does. (2) referring to God’s relationship to those who believe in Christ. Alternate translation: “God our Father”

Note 8 topic: figures-of-speech / nominaladj

ἐκ νεκρῶν

from /the/_dead

Paul is using the adjective dead as a noun in order to indicate a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “from among the people who have died”

Note 9 topic: figures-of-speech / metonymy

ἐκ νεκρῶν

from /the/_dead

Here, the phrase the dead could be a figurative way of referring to a place, in which case it would be referring to “the place of the dead” or “the realm of the dead.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the place of the dead” or “from the realm of the dead”