YUD 1:16 Interlinear View

1. Greek word
2. Greek lemma
3. OET-LV words
4. OET-RV words
5. Strongs
6. Role/Morphology
7. OET Gloss
8. VLT Gloss
9. CAPS codes
10. Confidence
11. OET tags
12. OET word #
1. Οὗτοι
2. houtos
3. These
4. -
5. 37780
6. R····NMP
7. these
8. these
9. S
10. Y66
11. 155120
1. εἰσίν
2. eimi
3. are
4. -
5. 15100
6. VIPA3··P
7. are
8. are
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155121
1. γογγυσταί
2. goŋgustēs
3. grumblings
4. grumbling
5. 11130
6. N····NMP
7. grumblings
8. grumblings
9. -
10. Y66; F155130
11. 155122
1. μεμψίμοιροι
2. mempsimoiros
3. complaining
4. complaining
5. 32020
6. A····NMP
7. complaining
8. complaining
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155123
1. κατά
2. kata
3. according to
4. -
5. 25960
6. P·······
7. according_to
8. according_to
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155124
1. τάς
2. ho
3. the
4. -
5. 35880
6. E····AFP
7. the
8. the
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155125
1. ἐπιθυμίας
2. epithumia
3. lusts
4. -
5. 19390
6. N····AFP
7. lusts
8. lusts
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155126
1. ἑαυτῶν
2. heautou
3. -
4. -
5. 14380
6. R···3GNP
7. themselves
8. themselves
9. -
10. -
11. 155127
1. ἑαυτῷ
2. heautou
3. -
4. -
5. 14380
6. R···3DMS
7. himself
8. himself
9. -
10. -
11. 155128
1. αὐτῶν
2. autos
3. of them
4. -
5. 8460
6. R···3GMP
7. ˱of˲ them
8. ˱of˲ them
9. -
10. Y66; R154919
11. 155129
1. πορευόμενοι
2. poreuō
3. following
4. -
5. 41980
6. VPPM·NMP
7. following
8. following
9. -
10. Y66; R155122
11. 155130
1. καί
2. kai
3. and
4. -
5. 25320
6. C·······
7. and
8. and
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155131
1. τό
2. ho
3. the
4. -
5. 35880
6. E····NNS
7. the
8. the
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155132
1. στόμα
2. stoma
3. mouth
4. -
5. 47500
6. N····NNS
7. mouth
8. mouth
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155133
1. αὐτῶν
2. autos
3. of them
4. -
5. 8460
6. R···3GMP
7. ˱of˲ them
8. ˱of˲ them
9. -
10. Y66; R154919
11. 155134
1. αὐτῷ
2. autos
3. -
4. -
5. 8460
6. R···3DMS
7. ˱to˲ him
8. ˱to˲ him
9. -
10. -
11. 155135
1. λαλεῖ
2. laleō
3. is speaking
4. -
5. 29800
6. VIPA3··S
7. ˓is˒ speaking
8. ˓is˒ speaking
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155136
1. ὑπέρογκα
2. huperogkos
3. arrogant messages
4. arrogant
5. 52460
6. S····ANP
7. arrogant ‹messages›
8. arrogant ‹words›
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155137
1. θαυμάζοντες
2. thaumazō
3. marvelling
4. -
5. 22960
6. VPPA·NMP
7. marvelling
8. marveling
9. -
10. Y66; R154919
11. 155138
1. πρόσωπα
2. prosōpon
3. people
4. -
5. 43830
6. N····ANP
7. people
8. people
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155139
1. ὠφελείας
2. ōfeleia
3. benefit
4. -
5. 56220
6. N····GFS
7. benefit
8. benefit
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155140
1. χάριν
2. χarin
3. for reason of
4. -
5. 54840
6. P·······
7. for_reason_of
8. for_reason_of
9. -
10. Y66
11. 155141

SIL Open Translator’s Notes:

Section 5–19: Jude gave illustrations to prove that the Lord would punish the fake Christians

In this section, Jude described the sins of the fake Christians in more detail. He also foretold that the Lord would punish them. He used a special Jewish styleAs mentioned in the Outline, this style was called “midrash.” Jewish rabbis sometimes used this text-application style of presentation. in these verses. He referred to different examples, often taken from the Bible. Then he applied these examples to the situation about which he was writing.

Jude organized this part of his letter as follows:

Example	Application
verses 5–7	verse 8Verse 8 is the application for the examples in 5–7 and could end that paragraph. Verse 8 also introduces 9–10 and could begin that paragraph. These Notes show the paragraph division between verse 7 and verse 8, as does almost every English version.
verse 9	verse 10
verse 11	verses 12–13
verses 14–15	verse 16
verses 17–18	verse 19

The main purpose of the section was to show that the Lord would certainly punish these fake Christians. Jude compared them with well-known individuals and groups mentioned in the Old Testament and in other Jewish writings. He also used things found in nature to describe their sinful ways. Through these examples, he explained that these fake Christians deserved the punishment which they would receive.

Paragraph 14–16

In this paragraph, Jude quoted a prophecy made by a man named Enoch. Enoch lived in the Old Testament period, before the great flood. Genesis 5:18–24 indicates that Enoch had a special relationship with God, and that he never died.

Enoch prophesied that the Lord would condemn people like these fake Christians. Jude did not learn this prophecy from the Bible, but from some other reliable source.

Jude presented the information about Enoch in an order that is unusual for some languages, including English. A general comment at the end of the notes for 15d shows a way to reorder 14–15.

16

In this verse, Jude applied Enoch’s prophecy (14c and 15a–d) directly to the fake Christians in the Christian church to which he was writing.As mentioned in the Introduction for these Notes, Jude used the “midrash” style, which was sometimes used by Jewish rabbis. This style had text-application pairs. Here Jude wrote the application part (verse 16) of this midrash (14–16). This comment applied the text part (14c–15) to the situation about which Jude was writing. In 16 he further described the ways of the fake Christians.

16a

These men are discontented grumblers,

These men grumble and complain continually,
These people about whom I am writing to you^(plur) always complain and blame the Lord.

These men: Again, These men refers to the fake Christians. Jude mentioned these people frequently throughout his letter (4, 8a, 10–13, 14b).

men: The Greek pronoun that the BSB translates as “These men” did not necessarily refer only to males. Many English versions do not indicate whether they were male or female. For example:

These people… (GNT)

They… (REB)

discontented: The Greek word that the BSB translates as discontented refers to people who are critical and find fault with others. They criticize other people, the Lord,The fake Christians may have been blaming the Lord for the things they did not like. situations, or anything at all. This word is similar in meaning to the word that the BSB translates as “grumblers,” and the form also implies that the fake Christians did this repeatedly or as a habit. Some ways to translate this idea are:

faultfinders (NIV)

blame others (NCV)

criticizers

malcontents

In some languages it may be necessary to specify with whom they found fault. If that is true in your language, you may specify that they found fault with the Lord. However, it is better to be general here, if possible.

grumblers: The Greek word that the BSB translates as grumblers refers to people who complain. Some English versions use a verb to translate this idea. For example:

These people grumble. (CEV)

These people complain. (NCV)

The Greek word indicates that the people grumbled as a habit. They complained repeatedly. If your language has a special way to indicate habitual or repeated action, consider using it here.

Jude did not say against whom the fake Christians were grumbling or what they were grumbling about. However, in the context, he may be referring to the “harsh words” they “spoke against” the Lord (verse 15).Specifically, the Lord Jesus Christ. In a sense, all grumbling is against the Lord, because he is ruler over everything.

In this letter, whenever Jude specified the person against whom a particular sin was directed, it was always against the Lord.In verse 4, the fake Christians rejected the Lord, and in verse 5, the Israelites did not trust him. Here in verse 16 Jude was commenting on verses 14–15, where Enoch’s prophecy said that the Lord would declare guilty people who spoke harsh words against him. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the fake Christians whom Jude described in verse 16 were grumbling against the Lord. In some languages it may be necessary to make “the Lord” explicit here.

16b

following after their own lusts;

they use only their own desires to decide what they will do.
and they do the evil acts they desire to do.
Their own desires lead them to sin.

following after their own lusts: This English phrase is a figure of speech. The Greek text says literally: “proceeding/going according to their desires.” It indicates that their desires were the basis for their actions. They used their own desires to decide what to do, instead of considering the Lord’s will. Here is another way to translate this phrase:

follow their own desires (GW)

lusts: The Greek word that the BSB translates as lusts is neutral. It can refer to good desires as well as to evil ones, depending on the context. The text implies that these people followed their own desires instead of what the Lord desired. However, in this context, their desires were evil. Some ways to translate this include:

They do the evil acts they desire to do.

Their own evil desires lead/entice them to sin.

governed only by their own desires (NJB)

who go wherever their desires lead them (NET)

16c

their mouths spew arrogance;

They brag about how great they are,
They make boastful claims about themselves,
With their mouths they boast,

their mouths spew arrogance: The Greek text that the BSB translates as their mouths spew arrogance is literally “and the mouths of them speaking too-large.” The fake Christians were saying arrogant things. In the context, Jude may be referring to their arrogant claims that showed their disrespect for the Lord’s authority. Some ways to translate this are:

say arrogant things (GW)

with mouths full of boastful talk (NJB)

They brag about themselves. (CEV, NCV, GNT)

Look for the most natural way in your language to clearly communicate this idea.

16d

they flatter others for their own advantage.

and they flatter other people for their own benefit.
and they compliment other people so that they themselves may benefit.
and they pretend to admire other people in order to get what they want.

flatter others for their own advantage: Jude indicated here that they complimented other people and pretended to admire them, even if they did not deserve it. They did this to get what they wanted, not to express sincere appreciation. Other ways to translate this include:

flatter others to get what they want (CEV, NCV)

compliment other people for their own benefit

uW Translation Notes:

Note 1 topic: writing-pronouns

οὗτοί

(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Οὗτοι εἰσίν γογγυσταί μεμψίμοιροι κατά τάς ἐπιθυμίας αὐτῶν πορευόμενοι καί τό στόμα αὐτῶν λαλεῖ ὑπέρογκα θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν)

These ones refers to the false teachers that Jude first introduced in verse 4 and has discussed throughout the letter. Since Jude shifted in the previous verse to describing the judgment of everyone who does wicked deeds, it may be helpful for you to inform your readers that this verse returns to specifically focusing on the false teachers. Alternate translation: [These false teachers]

εἰσιν γογγυσταί μεμψίμοιροι

Here the terms murmurers and complainers refer to two different ways of expressing discontent or unhappiness. While grumblers are people who speak their complaints quietly, complainers speak them openly. When the Israelites were traveling in the wilderness after leaving Egypt, they were often punished by God for grumbling and complaining against him and their leaders, which is evidently what these false teachers were doing in Jude’s day. Alternate translation: [grumble quietly to themselves and complain loudly]

Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

πορευόμενοι

following

Jude uses going to refer to habitually doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor literally. Alternate translation: [those habitually living]

τὰς ἐπιθυμίας αὐτῶν

Here, lusts refers to sinful desires that are opposed to God’s will. Alternate translation: [their sinful desires]

τὸ στόμα αὐτῶν λαλεῖ

Here Jude uses the singular mouth in a distributive way. If this would be confusing to your readers, you could express this explicitly or use a plural noun and verb. Alternate translation: [the mouth of each of them speaks] or [their mouths speak]

Note 3 topic: figures-of-speech / metonymy

τὸ στόμα αὐτῶν λαλεῖ

Here, mouth represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: [they speak]

λαλεῖ ὑπέρογκα

˓is˒_speaking arrogant_‹words›

Here, boastful things refers to arrogant statements about themselves that these false teachers were making. Alternate translation: [boasts about themselves] or [speaks boastful statements]

Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / idiom

θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα

marveling people

This is an idiom that means to show favoritism toward someone or to flatter someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: [favoring people] or [flattering people]

Note 5 topic: figures-of-speech / metonymy

θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα

marveling people

Here, faces refers to the people they are flattering. Alternate translation: [admiring people]

OET-LV English word order (‘Reverse’ interlinear)

Note: The OET-RV is still only a first draft, and so far only a few words have been (mostly automatically) matched to the Hebrew or Greek words that they’re translated from.

Acknowledgements: The SR Greek text, lemmas, morphology, and VLT gloss are all thanks to the CNTR.

OET interlinear YUD (JUD) 1:16

SR Greek word order (including unused variant words in grey)

Section 5–19: Jude gave illustrations to prove that the Lord would punish the fake Christians

Paragraph 14–16

16

16a

16b

16c

16d

OET-LV English word order (‘Reverse’ interlinear)