OET interlinear YUD (JUD) 1:12

uW Translation Notes:

Note 1 topic: writing-pronouns

οὗτοί

these

Here, These ones refers to the false teachers introduced in verse 4. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “These false teachers”

Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

σπιλάδες

stains

Here, reefs are large rocks that are very close to the surface of water in the sea. Because sailors cannot see them, they are very dangerous. Ships can easily be destroyed if they hit these rocks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor with a simile or plainly. Alternate translation: “they are like hidden reefs” or “although they are inconspicuous, these people are extremely dangerous”

Note 3 topic: translate-unknown

ταῖς ἀγάπαις

the love_feasts

Here, love feasts refers to gatherings of Christians where they ate a meal together. These feasts took place in the early church and most likely included sharing the bread and wine to remember the death of Jesus, which Paul calls “the Lord’s Supper” in 1 Corinthians 11:20. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express some of this information explicitly. Alternate translation: “communal meals with fellow believers”

Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

ἑαυτοὺς ποιμαίνοντες

themselves shepherding

Here Jude speaks of the false teachers selfishly taking care of their own needs as if they are shepherds who feed and care for themselves instead of their flocks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor with a simile or plainly. Alternate translation: “like shepherds that feed themselves instead of their flocks” or “only caring for themselves”

Note 5 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

νεφέλαι ἄνυδροι ὑπὸ ἀνέμων παραφερόμεναι

clouds waterless by ˱of˲_winds /being/_carried_away

Jude speaks of the false teachers to describe their uselessness. People expect clouds to provide water to grow crops, but waterless clouds disappoint farmers by being blown away by the wind without giving rain. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor by translating this plainly or turn the metaphor into a simile. Alternate translation: “These false teachers never give what they promise” or “These false teachers disappoint like clouds without water”

Note 6 topic: figures-of-speech / activepassive

ὑπὸ ἀνέμων παραφερόμεναι

by ˱of˲_winds /being/_carried_away

If your language does not use the passive form carried along, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “which the wind carries along”

Note 7 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

δένδρα φθινοπωρινὰ ἄκαρπα

trees late_autumn unfruitful

Here Jude again speaks of the false teachers to describe their uselessness. People expect trees in the autumn to provide fruit, but fruitless autumn trees disappoint them. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor by translating this plainly or turn the metaphor into a simile. Alternate translation: “never giving what they promise” or “like barren fruit trees”

Note 8 topic: figures-of-speech / pastforfuture

δὶς ἀποθανόντα ἐκριζωθέντα

twice /having/_died_off /having_been/_uprooted

Here Jude is using the past tense in order to refer to something that will happen in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “they will certainly die twice, they will certainly be uprooted”

δὶς ἀποθανόντα ἐκριζωθέντα

twice /having/_died_off /having_been/_uprooted

Here, having died twice could mean: (1) the trees are considered to be dead firstly because they do not produce fruit, but doubly dead because they are uprooted in response to their lack of fruit. Alternate translation: “having died twice by being fruitless and uprooted” (2) the trees, which represent the false teachers, are spiritually dead but will also be physically dead when God kills them. “being spiritually dead and then physically dead when they were uprooted”

Note 9 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

ἐκριζωθέντα

/having_been/_uprooted

Jude describes God’s judgment of these false teachers like trees that have been completely pulled out of the ground by their roots. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor plainly. Alternate translation: “having been destroyed”

Note 10 topic: figures-of-speech / activepassive

ἐκριζωθέντα

/having_been/_uprooted

If your language does not use this passive form, you could this with an active form and say who did the action. Alternate translation: “God uprooted them”