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InterlinearVerse GEN EXO LEV NUM DEU JOB JOS JDG RUTH 1 SAM 2 SAM PSA AMOS HOS 1 KI 2 KI 1 CHR 2 CHR PROV ECC SNG JOEL MIC ISA ZEP HAB JER LAM YNA (JNA) NAH OBA DAN EZE EZRA EST NEH HAG ZEC MAL LAO GES LES ESG DNG 2 PS TOB JDT WIS SIR BAR LJE PAZ SUS BEL MAN 1 MAC 2 MAC 3 MAC 4 MAC YHN (JHN) MARK MAT LUKE ACTs YAC (JAM) GAL 1 TH 2 TH 1 COR 2 COR ROM COL PHM EPH PHP 1 TIM TIT 1 PET 2 PET 2 TIM HEB YUD (JUD) 1 YHN (1 JHN) 2 YHN (2 JHN) 3 YHN (3 JHN) REV
Hos C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14
Hos 7 V1 V2 V3 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 V11 V12 V13 V14 V15 V16
OET (OET-LV) Of_them_of_all are_adulterers like an_oven which_burns from_a_baker who_he_ceases stirring_up from_kneading the_dough until it_is_leavened.
OET (OET-RV) They’re all adulterers, like an oven overheated by the baker.
⇔ He shouldn’t have stoked the fire from the kneading of the dough until after it’s risen.
In this section, the LORD again spoke to the people of Israel and Judah. In contrast to the people’s future repentance (6:1–3), he gave examples of their current disloyalty and corruption, including their reliance on other nations instead of him. They continued to commit sins, and they refused to seek him. He announced that he would judge them, and he illustrated his coming judgment in various ways.
In this section, the Hebrew text sometimes uses second person pronouns (“you”) and sometimes third person pronouns (“they” or “he”) to refer to the people of Israel. The BSB follows the Hebrew pronoun usage. It uses “they” in 6:5–10, “you” in 6:4 & 11, and “they” or “he” in 7:1–16. Throughout these verses the LORD is the speaker, and he either addresses the people directly or speaks about them.
English versions all use “you” in 6:11 and “they” in chapter 7, but they differ in the way they use the pronouns in 6:5–10. You should use the most natural and least confusing way in your language to handle the pronouns in 6:5–10. In 6:7–10, the Display will follow the BSB pronoun choice in the first meaning line and give another pronoun choice in the second meaning line. See the note on “you” in 2:16b–c, where the pronoun changes are similar.
Here are some other examples of section headings:
Transitory Faithfulness and Imminent Judgment (NET)
Impenitence of Israel and Judah (NRSV)
They are all adulterers,
All the Israelites are adulterers.
All of them are disloyal/unfaithful to me.
They are all adulterers: The pronoun They refers to all the people of Israel. It includes the king and his officials.
Here the term adulterers probably refers to marital unfaithfulness and also unfaithfulness to God.Keil (page 104) regards “adulterers” to refer primarily to spiritual adultery - apostasy from the Lord and secondarily to literal adultery that is part of Baal worship. McComiskey (page 104) regards literal marital unfaithfulness as the most probable referent. If possible, translate the phrase in such a way that both literal and spiritual adultery can be understood.
One way to do that is to describe the characteristics of an adulterer. For example:
They are all treacherous and disloyal. (GNT)
like an oven heated by a baker
Their desire to do evil burns within them like the fire/coals in an oven.
They strongly desire to do evil.
like an oven heated by a baker: This phrase is a simile that compares the people of Israel to a hot oven. In this simile, the heat of the oven represents the people’s strong desire for doing evil. Their desire burns hot within them just as fire burns hot in an oven.
oven: In Hebrew, this word refers to a small oven used for baking bread. It was made from clay. It had openings for air near the bottom, and it had a large door on top. It usually had a stone floor.
A baker placed wood, dried grass, or dung inside the oven and lit it on fire. It burned until the interior of the oven was glowing hot and the fuel had burned down to hot coals or ash. The baker then pressed the dough onto the inside surface of the oven walls or laid it among the coals. The baker then sealed the door at the top of the oven and waited for the bread to bake.Macintosh (page 258) and Stuart (page 119).
In some cultures, people may not be familiar with ovens. If that is true in your area, an option is to substitute a different comparison that has the same meaning and impact. For example:
cooking pot
who needs not stoke the fire from the kneading to the rising of the dough.
The oven stays hot while the baker prepares the dough. He doesn’t even need to stir up the coals before baking the bread.
Their desire is so strong it never lessens.
Their desire is like a hot cooking pot. It stays hot during the entire time the food is being prepared for cooking. It is so hot that no one needs to make the fire hotter when it is time to cook the food.
who needs not stoke the fire from the kneading to the rising of the dough: This sentence part describes the intense heat in the oven. The fire in the oven is so hot that the baker does not need to stir the coals (stoke) to keep it going or to make the oven any hotter. In this simile, the intensity of heat represents the intensity of the people’s desire for evil. Some versions make it explicit that the extreme heat is the reason that the fire does not need to be stirred. For example:
They are like a heated oven, an oven so hot that a baker doesn’t have to fan its flames when he makes bread. (GW)
If this simile is not clear in your language, see the General Comment on 7:4b–c for some translation options.
from the kneading to the rising of the dough: This phrase describes a period of time during which a baker prepares dough in order to bake bread. The time starts when the baker kneads the bread dough and ends after the dough rises from the effect of yeast. At that point, the bread is ready to place in the oven. Normally a baker needed to stir the fire at that time to make it hot enough to bake the bread. However, this oven is already hot enough, so there is no need for the baker to stir the fire.
The processes of kneading dough and using yeast to make the dough rise may not be known in some cultures. If that is true in your language group, here are some other ways to describe this period of time:
until the dough is ready to bake (GNT)
when he makes bread (GW)
the kneading of the dough: To knead dough means to fold, press, and stretch the bread dough. This process mixes all the ingredients well and makes the dough smooth.
the rising of the dough: To make dough rise, a baker adds yeast to the dough. He then places it undisturbed in a warm place for a while. The yeast causes the bread to expand in size in preparation for baking.
If the simile of the oven is not clear in your language, here are some other translation options:
Make explicit the way in which the people are like an oven. For example:
Their desire to do evil burns like an oven whose fire is so hot the baker does not need to stir the coals from the time when he kneads the dough until it rises.
Translate the meaning without using a figure of speech. For example:
Their desire for evil is so intense that it never diminishes.
Use similar figures of speech that convey the right meaning in your language. For example:
They have a strong desire to do evil. Their desire is like a cooking pot that is red-hot. It is already so hot that a cook doesn’t need to stir-up the fire when the food is ready to cook.
Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor
(Occurrence 0) They are all adulterers
(Some words not found in UHB: of_them_of,all adulterers like oven heated from,a_baker ceases stir from,kneading dough until it,is_leavened )
The people committed spiritual adultery by worshiping idols and being unfaithful to Yahweh. They were probably also being unfaithful to their husbands or wives by sleeping with other people.
Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / activepassive
(Occurrence 0) like an oven heated by the baker
(Some words not found in UHB: of_them_of,all adulterers like oven heated from,a_baker ceases stir from,kneading dough until it,is_leavened )
If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This means the people had strong desires to do evil. Alternate translation: “like an oven which the baker heats”
(Occurrence 0) kneading of the dough
(Some words not found in UHB: of_them_of,all adulterers like oven heated from,a_baker ceases stir from,kneading dough until it,is_leavened )
This is a part of the process of making bread.
7:4 adulterers: Hosea used this term earlier to describe spiritual apostasy (3:1); it refers here to those who were disloyal to the king.
OET (OET-LV) Of_them_of_all are_adulterers like an_oven which_burns from_a_baker who_he_ceases stirring_up from_kneading the_dough until it_is_leavened.
OET (OET-RV) They’re all adulterers, like an oven overheated by the baker.
⇔ He shouldn’t have stoked the fire from the kneading of the dough until after it’s risen.
Note: The OET-RV is still only a first draft, and so far only a few words have been (mostly automatically) matched to the Hebrew or Greek words that they’re translated from.
Acknowledgements: The Hebrew text, lemmas, and morphology are all thanks to the OSHB and some of the glosses are from Macula Hebrew.
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