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Eph C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Eph 4 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 V11 V12 V13 V14 V15 V16 V17 V19 V20 V21 V22 V23 V24 V25 V26 V27 V28 V29 V30 V31 V32

OET interlinear EPH 4:18

◄ ← EPH 4:18 ↓ → ► ║ ©

SR Greek word order (including unused variant words in grey)

    1. Greek word
    2. Greek lemma
    3. OET-LV words
    4. OET-RV words
    5. Strongs
    6. Role/Morphology
    7. OET Gloss
    8. VLT Gloss
    9. CAPS codes
    10. Confidence
    11. OET tags
    12. OET word #
    1. Ἐσκοτωμένοι
    2. skotoō
    3. Having been darkened
    4. darkened
    5. 46560
    6. VPEP·NMP
    7. ˓having_been˒ darkened
    8. ˓having_been˒ darkened
    9. S
    10. Y64
    11. 129512
    1. ἐσκοτισμένοι
    2. skotizō
    3. -
    4. -
    5. 46540
    6. VPEP·NMP
    7. ˓having_been˒ darkened
    8. ˓having_been˒ darkened
    9. -
    10. -
    11. 129513
    1. τῇ
    2. ho
    3. in their
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····DFS
    7. ˱in˲ their
    8. ˱in˲ their
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129514
    1. διανοίᾳ
    2. dianoia
    3. mind
    4. -
    5. 12710
    6. N····DFS
    7. mind
    8. mind
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129515
    1. ὄντες
    2. eimi
    3. being
    4. -
    5. 15100
    6. VPPA·NMP
    7. being
    8. being
    9. -
    10. Y64; R129505
    11. 129516
    1. ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι
    2. apallotrioō
    3. having been estranged
    4. -
    5. 5260
    6. VPEP·NMP
    7. ˓having_been˒ estranged
    8. ˓having_been˒ estranged
    9. -
    10. Y64; R129505
    11. 129517
    1. τῆς
    2. ho
    3. from the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GFS
    7. ˱from˲ the
    8. ˱from˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129518
    1. ζωῆς
    2. zōē
    3. life
    4. life
    5. 22220
    6. N····GFS
    7. life
    8. life
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129519
    1. τοῦ
    2. ho
    3. the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GMS
    7. ¬the
    8. ¬the
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129520
    1. Θεοῦ
    2. theos
    3. of god
    4. God
    5. 23160
    6. N····GMS
    7. ˱of˲ god
    8. ˱of˲ God
    9. GN
    10. Y64; Person=God
    11. 129521
    1. διά
    2. dia
    3. because of
    4. -
    5. 12230
    6. P·······
    7. because_of
    8. because_of
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129522
    1. τήν
    2. ho
    3. the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····AFS
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129523
    1. ἄγνοιαν
    2. agnoia
    3. ignorance
    4. ignorance
    5. 520
    6. N····AFS
    7. ignorance
    8. ignorance
    9. -
    10. Y64; F129526
    11. 129524
    1. τήν
    2. ho
    3. which
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. R····AFS
    7. ¬which
    8. ¬which
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129525
    1. οὖσαν
    2. eimi
    3. being
    4. -
    5. 15100
    6. VPPA·AFS
    7. being
    8. being
    9. -
    10. Y64; R129524
    11. 129526
    1. ἐν
    2. en
    3. in
    4. -
    5. 17220
    6. P·······
    7. in
    8. in
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129527
    1. αὐτοῖς
    2. autos
    3. them
    4. -
    5. 8460
    6. R···3DNP
    7. them
    8. them
    9. -
    10. Y64; R129505
    11. 129528
    1. διά
    2. dia
    3. because of
    4. -
    5. 12230
    6. P·······
    7. because_of
    8. because_of
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129529
    1. τήν
    2. ho
    3. the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····AFS
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129530
    1. πώρωσιν
    2. pōrōsis
    3. hardening
    4. hardening
    5. 44570
    6. N····AFS
    7. hardening
    8. hardening
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129531
    1. τῆς
    2. ho
    3. of the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GFS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129532
    1. καρδίας
    2. kardia
    3. heart
    4. hearts
    5. 25880
    6. N····GFS
    7. heart
    8. heart
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129533
    1. αὐτῶν
    2. autos
    3. of them
    4. Their
    5. 8460
    6. R···3GNP
    7. ˱of˲ them
    8. ˱of˲ them
    9. -
    10. Y64; R129505
    11. 129534

OET (OET-LV) Having_been_darkened in_their mind, being having_been_estranged from_the life of_ the _god, because_of the ignorance which being in them, because_of the hardening of_the heart of_them,

OET (OET-RV) Their minds have been darkened because their ignorance has drawn them away from the life of God due to the hardening of their hearts.

SIL Open Translator’s Notes:

Section 4:17–32: We should change our behavior

Paul urged the Christians to stop doing the evil deeds that they used to do before they knew God. He urged them to start doing the good things that people who know Christ should do. He gave examples of old (former) behavior that they must stop doing, for example: lying, theft, anger and slander. Instead they must be kind, tender and forgiving.

Here are some other examples for a heading for this section:

Live as God’s people (GW)

The old life and the new life (CEV)

Don’t live as pagans but as God’s people

4:18a

They are darkened in their understanding

darkened in their understanding: The phrase darkened in their understanding is a figure of speech. It means that pagans cannot clearly understand things about God.

In some languages there may be other idiomatic ways to say this. For example:

Their minds are clouded

Their hearts are blind to God’s truth

4:18b

and alienated from the life of God

alienated from the life of God: The Greek word that the BSB translates as alienated from also means “excluded” or “separated.” (This word also occurs in 2:12b). The Gentiles are alienated from the life of God. This means they are far away from the life that God gives, or they have no part in it (as in GNT, see below).

the life of God: The life of God is the good, new life that God gives his people. It includes salvation and eternal life.

To state it simply: pagans do not have the new life that God gives to his people.

Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

They have no part in the life that God gives (GNT)

(They) have missed out on the life that comes from God (CEV)

They are excluded from the life that God approves of (GW)

They are outside of God’s making us new

4:18c

because of the ignorance that is in them due to the hardness of their hearts.

because of the ignorance that is in them: This is a reason that pagans are “alienated from the life of God” (4:18b). They are alienated or separated from the life that God gives them because they are ignorant. Here they are ignorant because they have decided they do not want to know about God. They refused to listen to anything about the life God gives.

due to the hardness of their hearts: The clause hardness of their hearts is an idiom. It means that the Gentiles, referred to in 4:17b are “stubborn,” or “obstinate.” They do not understand things about God, because they stubbornly refuse to.

Here are some other ways to translate this clause:

because of their stubbornness

because they refuse to listen

Their heads are like stone; they truly don’t listen

There are several ways to connect this clause to the rest of 4:18. The main two interpretations are:

  1. It indicates the second reason that the Gentiles are “separated from the life of God” (4:18b). For example:

    They have no part in the life that God gives, for they are completely ignorant and stubborn. (GNT) (BSB, GNT, NRSV, REB, GW, NLT)

  2. It indicates the reason that they are ignorant. For example:

    …because of the ignorance that is in them due to the hardness of their hearts. (NET) (NIV, RSV, NJB, NET, NCV)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1).

uW Translation Notes:

Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ

(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ ὄντες ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ διά τήν ἄγνοιαν τήν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς διά τήν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν)

This metaphor compares wrong thinking with darkness. Alternate translation: [they no longer think or reason clearly] or [they are not able to understand]

Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / activepassive

ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ

(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ ὄντες ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ διά τήν ἄγνοιαν τήν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς διά τήν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν)

If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [Their way of thinking has become dark] or [They no longer think or reason clearly] or [They are not able to understand]

Note 3 topic: figures-of-speech / activepassive

ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ, διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τὴν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς

˓having_been˒_estranged ˱from˲_the life ¬the ˱of˲_God (Some words not found in SR-GNT: Ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ ὄντες ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ διά τήν ἄγνοιαν τήν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς διά τήν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν)

If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [because they do not know God, they cannot live the way that God wants his people to live] or [they have cut themselves off from the life of God by their ignorance]

ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι

˓having_been˒_estranged

Alternate translation: [cut off] or [separated]

ἄγνοιαν

ignorance

Alternate translation: [lack of knowledge] or [lack of information]

Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

διὰ τὴν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν

(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ ὄντες ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ διά τήν ἄγνοιαν τήν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς διά τήν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν)

The phrase hardness of their hearts is a metaphor that means “stubbornness.” Alternate translation: [because they are stubborn] or [because they refuse to listen to God]

Note 5 topic: grammar-connect-logic-result

διὰ

(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ ὄντες ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ διά τήν ἄγνοιαν τήν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς διά τήν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν)

The connecting word because introduces a reason-result relationship. The first reason is that they are ignorant of him. The result is that the Gentiles are separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.

Note 6 topic: grammar-connect-logic-result

(Occurrence 2) διὰ

(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ ὄντες ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ διά τήν ἄγνοιαν τήν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς διά τήν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν)

Again, the connecting word because introduces a reason-result relationship. The second reason is that their hearts are hardened. The result is that Gentiles are separated from walking with God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.

OET-LV English word order (‘Reverse’ interlinear)

    1. OET-LV words
    2. OET-RV words
    3. Strongs
    4. Greek word
    5. Greek lemma
    6. Role/Morphology
    7. OET Gloss
    8. VLT Gloss
    9. CAPS codes
    10. Confidence
    11. OET tags
    12. OET word #
    1. Having been darkened
    2. darkened
    3. 46560
    4. S
    5. skotoō
    6. V-PEP·NMP
    7. ˓having_been˒ darkened
    8. ˓having_been˒ darkened
    9. S
    10. Y64
    11. 129512
    1. in their
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····DFS
    7. ˱in˲ their
    8. ˱in˲ their
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129514
    1. mind
    2. -
    3. 12710
    5. dianoia
    6. N-····DFS
    7. mind
    8. mind
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129515
    1. being
    2. -
    3. 15100
    5. eimi
    6. V-PPA·NMP
    7. being
    8. being
    9. -
    10. Y64; R129505
    11. 129516
    1. having been estranged
    2. -
    3. 5260
    5. apallotrioō
    6. V-PEP·NMP
    7. ˓having_been˒ estranged
    8. ˓having_been˒ estranged
    9. -
    10. Y64; R129505
    11. 129517
    1. from the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····GFS
    7. ˱from˲ the
    8. ˱from˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129518
    1. life
    2. life
    3. 22220
    5. zōē
    6. N-····GFS
    7. life
    8. life
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129519
    1. of
    2. God
    3. 23160
    4. GN
    5. theos
    6. N-····GMS
    7. ˱of˲ god
    8. ˱of˲ God
    9. GN
    10. Y64; Person=God
    11. 129521
    1. the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····GMS
    7. ¬the
    8. ¬the
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129520
    1. god
    2. God
    3. 23160
    4. GN
    5. theos
    6. N-····GMS
    7. ˱of˲ god
    8. ˱of˲ God
    9. GN
    10. Y64; Person=God
    11. 129521
    1. because of
    2. -
    3. 12230
    5. dia
    6. P-·······
    7. because_of
    8. because_of
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129522
    1. the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····AFS
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129523
    1. ignorance
    2. ignorance
    3. 520
    5. agnoia
    6. N-····AFS
    7. ignorance
    8. ignorance
    9. -
    10. Y64; F129526
    11. 129524
    1. which
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. R-····AFS
    7. ¬which
    8. ¬which
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129525
    1. being
    2. -
    3. 15100
    5. eimi
    6. V-PPA·AFS
    7. being
    8. being
    9. -
    10. Y64; R129524
    11. 129526
    1. in
    2. -
    3. 17220
    5. en
    6. P-·······
    7. in
    8. in
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129527
    1. them
    2. -
    3. 8460
    5. autos
    6. R-···3DNP
    7. them
    8. them
    9. -
    10. Y64; R129505
    11. 129528
    1. because of
    2. -
    3. 12230
    5. dia
    6. P-·······
    7. because_of
    8. because_of
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129529
    1. the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····AFS
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129530
    1. hardening
    2. hardening
    3. 44570
    5. pōrōsis
    6. N-····AFS
    7. hardening
    8. hardening
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129531
    1. of the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····GFS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129532
    1. heart
    2. hearts
    3. 25880
    5. kardia
    6. N-····GFS
    7. heart
    8. heart
    9. -
    10. Y64
    11. 129533
    1. of them
    2. Their
    3. 8460
    5. autos
    6. R-···3GNP
    7. ˱of˲ them
    8. ˱of˲ them
    9. -
    10. Y64; R129505
    11. 129534

OET (OET-LV) Having_been_darkened in_their mind, being having_been_estranged from_the life of_ the _god, because_of the ignorance which being in them, because_of the hardening of_the heart of_them,

OET (OET-RV) Their minds have been darkened because their ignorance has drawn them away from the life of God due to the hardening of their hearts.

Note: The OET-RV is still only a first draft, and so far only a few words have been (mostly automatically) matched to the Hebrew or Greek words that they’re translated from.

Acknowledgements: The SR Greek text, lemmas, morphology, and VLT gloss are all thanks to the CNTR.

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◄ ← EPH 4:18 ↑ → ► ║ ©