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interlinearVerse INT GEN EXO LEV NUM DEU JOS JDG RUTH 1SA 2SA 1KI 2KI 1CH 2CH EZRA NEH EST JOB PSA PRO ECC SNG ISA JER LAM EZE DAN HOS JOEL AMOS OBA YNA MIC NAH HAB ZEP HAG ZEC MAL YHN MARK MAT LUKE ACTs ROM 1COR 2COR GAL EPH PHP COL 1TH 2TH 1TIM 2TIM TIT PHM HEB YAC 1PET 2PET 1YHN 2YHN 3YHN YUD REV
Rom C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16
OET (OET-LV) Therefore how they_may_call on whom not they_believed?
And how they_may_believe of_whom not they_heard?
And how they_may_hear apart_from proclaiming?
OET (OET-RV) How, then, could they appeal to a God that they don’t even believe in? And how could they believe if they haven’t even heard about him? Then how would they hear if no one was preaching to them?
Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / rquestion
πῶς οὖν ἐπικαλέσωνται εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν? πῶς δὲ πιστεύσωσιν οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν? πῶς δὲ ἀκούσωσιν χωρὶς κηρύσσοντος?
how therefore ˱they˲_/may/_call on whom not ˱they˲_believed how and ˱they˲_/may/_believe ˱of˲_whom not ˱they˲_heard how and ˱they˲_/may/_hear apart_from proclaiming
Paul is not asking for information, but is using three rhetorical questions here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then surely they would not call on whom they have not believed! And surely they would not believe in whom they have not heard! And surely they would not hear without someone preaching!”
Note 2 topic: grammar-connect-logic-result
πῶς οὖν
how therefore
Here, then indicates that what follows in 10:14–15 is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “As a result, how”
Note 3 topic: writing-pronouns
ἐπικαλέσωνται & οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν & πιστεύσωσιν & οὐκ ἤκουσαν & ἀκούσωσιν
˱they˲_/may/_call & not ˱they˲_believed & ˱they˲_/may/_believe & not ˱they˲_heard & ˱they˲_/may/_hear
In this verse they refers to all people, both Jews and Gentiles, as stated in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “would all people call … they have not believed … would all people believe in … they have not heard … would all people hear”
Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / explicit
ἐπικαλέσωνται εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν
˱they˲_/may/_call on whom not ˱they˲_believed
See how you translated call on in 10:12.
Note 5 topic: figures-of-speech / explicit
ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν & οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν
whom not ˱they˲_believed & ˱of˲_whom not ˱they˲_heard
These clauses refer to Jesus, whom Paul called the Lord in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus, whom they have not believed … Jesus, whom they have not heard”
Note 6 topic: figures-of-speech / ellipsis
οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν & ἀκούσωσιν & κηρύσσοντος
˱of˲_whom not ˱they˲_heard & ˱they˲_/may/_hear & proclaiming
Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “whom they have not heard about … would they hear about him … someone preaching about him”
10:14 It is natural to presume that the pronoun they refers to “all who call on him” from 10:12 or “everyone” from 10:13. While this verse probably does refer to all people, it also continues the accusation against Israel from 10:2-3 (see 10:18). Paul argues that Israel was in a position to know what God was doing through Jesus Christ, so they were culpable for their failure to understand or accept it. Israel was guilty both of failing to understand God’s plan in light of Christ (10:3-4) and of focusing so much attention on the law that they missed Christ when he arrived (9:30-32).
OET (OET-LV) Therefore how they_may_call on whom not they_believed?
And how they_may_believe of_whom not they_heard?
And how they_may_hear apart_from proclaiming?
OET (OET-RV) How, then, could they appeal to a God that they don’t even believe in? And how could they believe if they haven’t even heard about him? Then how would they hear if no one was preaching to them?
Note: The OET-RV is still only a first draft, and so far only a few words have been (mostly automatically) matched to the Greek words that they’re translated from.
Acknowledgements: The SR Greek text, lemmas, morphology, and VLT gloss are all thanks to the SR-GNT.