OET OET-RV OET-LV GHT ULT UST BSB MSB BLB AICNT OEB WEBBE WMBB NET LSV FBV TCNT T4T LEB BBE Moff JPS Wymth ASV DRA YLT Drby RV SLT Wbstr KJB-1769 KJB-1611 Bshps Gnva Cvdl TNT Wycl SR-GNT UHB BrLXX BrTr Related Parallel Simple Interlinear Topics Reference Dictionary Search
ParallelVerse GEN EXO LEV NUM DEU JOB JOS JDG RUTH 1 SAM 2 SAM PSA AMOS HOS 1 KI 2 KI 1 CHR 2 CHR PROV ECC SNG JOEL MIC ISA ZEP HAB JER LAM YNA (JNA) NAH OBA DAN EZE EZRA EST NEH HAG ZEC MAL LAO GES LES ESG DNG 2 PS TOB JDT WIS SIR BAR LJE PAZ SUS BEL MAN 1 MAC 2 MAC 3 MAC 4 MAC YHN (JHN) MARK MAT LUKE ACTs YAC (JAM) GAL 1 TH 2 TH 1 COR 2 COR ROM COL PHM EPH PHP 1 TIM TIT 1 PET 2 PET 2 TIM HEB YUD (JUD) 1 YHN (1 JHN) 2 YHN (2 JHN) 3 YHN (3 JHN) REV
Jos Intro C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24
Jos 17 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 V11 V12 V13 V14 V15 V16 V17 V18
Note: This view shows ‘verses’ which are not necessarily natural language units and hence sometimes only part of a sentence will be visible—click on any Bible version abbreviation down the left-hand side to see the verse in more of its context. Normally the OET discourages the reading of individual ‘verses’, but this view is only designed as a tool for Bible-translators and others doing comparisons of different translations—the older translations are further down the page (so you can read up from the bottom to trace the English translation history). The OET segments on this page are still early looks into the drafted texts of the Open English Translation of the Bible—please double-check these texts in advance before using in public.
Text critical issues=none Clarity of original=clear Importance to us=normal Speaker(s)=Narrator (All still tentative.)
OET (OET-RV) The allotment for Menashsheh’s descendants (Yosef’s eldest son) included a special allotment for (Gilead’s father) Makir—he was given Gilead and Bashan because he was a powerful warrior.![]()
OET-LV And_he/it_was the_lot to_the_tribe_of Mənashsheh if/because he was_the_firstborn_of Yōşēf/(Joseph) to_Mākīr the_firstborn_of Mənashsheh the_father_of (the)_Gilˊād if/because he he_was a_man_of war and_he/it_was to_him/it (the)_Gilˊād and_(the)_Bāshān.![]()
UHB וַיְהִ֤י הַגּוֹרָל֙ לְמַטֵּ֣ה מְנַשֶּׁ֔ה כִּי־ה֖וּא בְּכ֣וֹר יוֹסֵ֑ף לְמָכִיר֩ בְּכ֨וֹר מְנַשֶּׁ֜ה אֲבִ֣י הַגִּלְעָ֗ד כִּ֣י ה֤וּא הָיָה֙ אִ֣ישׁ מִלְחָמָ֔ה וַֽיְהִי־ל֖וֹ הַגִּלְעָ֥ד וְהַבָּשָֽׁן׃ ‡
(vayəhiy haggōrāl ləmaţţēh mənashsheh kī-hūʼ bəkōr yōşēf ləmākīr bəkōr mənashsheh ʼₐⱱiy haggilˊād kiy hūʼ hāyāh ʼiysh milḩāmāh vayəhī-lō haggilˊād vəhabāshān.)
Key: khaki:verbs.
Note: Automatic aligning of the OET-RV to the LV is done by some temporary software, hence the OET-RV alignments are incomplete (and may occasionally be wrong).
BrLXX Καὶ ἐγένετο τὰ ὅρια φυλῆς υἱῶν Μανασσῆ, ὅτι οὗτος πρωτότοκος τῷ Ἰωσὴφ, τῷ Μαχὶρ πρωτοτόκῳ Μανασσῆ πατρὶ Γαλαὰδ, ἀνὴρ γὰρ πολεμιστὴς ἦν, ἐν τῇ Γαλααδίτιδι καὶ ἐν τῇ Βασανίτιδι.
(Kai egeneto ta horia fulaʸs huiōn Manassaʸ, hoti houtos prōtotokos tōi Yōsaʸf, tōi Maⱪir prōtotokōi Manassaʸ patri Galaʼad, anaʸr gar polemistaʸs aʸn, en taʸ Galaʼaditidi kai en taʸ Basanitidi.)
BrTr And the borders of the tribe of the children of Manasse, (for he was the first-born [fn]of Joseph,) assigned to Machir the first-born of Manasse the father of Galaad, for he was a warrior, were in the land of Galaad and of Basan.
17:1 Gr. to.
ULT And a lot was for the tribe of Manasseh. (Now he was the firstborn of Joseph.) For Machir, the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war, so to him were Gilead and Bashan.
UST This is a description of the land that the Israelite leaders gave to the tribe of Manasseh, the descendants of the oldest son of Joseph. Manasseh’s oldest son was Machir, and his grandson was Gilead. Their descendants were great soldiers, so Moses gave them land that they conquered in the regions of Gilead and Bashan.
BSB & MSB Now this was the allotment for the tribe of Manasseh as Joseph’s firstborn son, [namely] for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh and father of the Gileadites, who had received Gilead and Bashan because [Machir] was a man of war.
OEB The tribe of Manasseh received its share. Manasseh was the eldest son of Joseph, and as Machir the eldest son of Manasseh and the father of Gilead was a famous soldier, he was allotted Gilead and Bashan.
WEBBE & WMBB This was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh, for he was the firstborn of Joseph. As for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan.
NET The tribe of Manasseh, Joseph’s firstborn son, was also allotted land. The descendants of Makir, Manasseh’s firstborn and the father of Gilead, received land, for they were warriors. They were assigned Gilead and Bashan.
LSV And the lot is for the tribe of Manasseh (for he [is] firstborn of Joseph), for Machir firstborn of Manasseh, father of Gilead, for he has been a man of war, and his are Gilead and Bashan.
FBV This was the allocation to the tribe of Manasseh, Joseph's firstborn son. Machir was Manasseh's firstborn son who was the father of Gilead. Because Machir had been an excellent fighter, Gilead and Bashan had already been allocated to him.
T4T This is a list of the land that was allotted to the tribe of Manasseh. Manasseh’s oldest son was Makir and his grandson was Gilead. Makir’s descendants were great warriors, so the lands in the Gilead and Bashan regions were allotted to their clan.
LEB Then the allotment was made for the tribe of Manasseh, because he was the firstborn of Joseph. To Makir, the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, ⌊were allotted⌋[fn] Gilead and Bashan, because he was a warrior.[fn]
BBE And this was the part marked out for the tribe of Manasseh, because he was the oldest son of Joseph. As for Machir, the oldest son of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war he had Gilead and Bashan.
Moff The clan of Manasseh received its share. Manasseh was the eldest son of Joseph, and as Machir the eldest son of Manasseh and the father of Gilead was a soldier, he had Gilead and Bashan.
JPS And this was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the first-born of Joseph. As for Machir the first-born of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan.
ASV And this was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the first-born of Joseph. As for Machir the first-born of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan.
DRA And this lot fell to the tribe of Manasses (for he is the firstborn of Joseph) to Machir the firstborn of Manasses the father of Galaad, who was a warlike man, and had for possession Galaad and Basan.
YLT And the lot is for the tribe of Manasseh (for he [is] first-born of Joseph), for Machir first-born of Manasseh, father of Gilead, for he hath been a man of war, and his are Gilead and Bashan.
Drby And the lot came to the tribe of Manasseh (for he was the firstborn of Joseph), to Machir, the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, for he was a man of war, and he had Gilead and Bashan.
RV And this was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the firstborn of Joseph. As for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan.
(And this was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the first-born of Joseph. As for Machir the first-born of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan.)
SLT And there will be a bound to the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the first-born of Joseph: to Machir the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead; for he was a man of war, and there will be to him Gilead and Bashan.
Wbstr There was also a lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the first-born of Joseph; to wit , for Machir the first-born of Manasseh, the father of Gilead: because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan.
KJB-1769 There was also a lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the firstborn of Joseph; to wit, for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead: because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan.
(There was also a lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the first-born of Joseph; to wit, for Machir the first-born of Manasseh, the father of Gilead: because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan.)
KJB-1611 ¶ There was also a lot for the tribe of Manasseh; ( for hee was the first borne of Ioseph) to wit, for Machir the first borne of Manasseh the father of Gilead: because he was a man of warre, therefore hee had Gilead and Bashan.
(Modernised spelling is same as from KJB-1769 above, apart from punctuation)
Bshps This was the lot of the tribe of Manasses, which was the eldest son of Ioseph, to witte of Machir the eldest sonne of Manasses, which was the father of Gilead: now because he was a man of warre, he had Gilead and Basan.
(This was the lot of the tribe of Manasses, which was the eldest son of Yoseph, to wit of Machir the eldest son of Manasses, which was the father of Gilead: now because he was a man of war, he had Gilead and Bashan.)
Gnva This was also the lot of the tribe of Manasseh: for he was the first borne of Ioseph, to wit, of Machir the first borne of Manasseh, and the father of Gilead: nowe because he was a man of warre, he had Gilead and Bashan.
(This was also the lot of the tribe of Manasseh: for he was the first-born of Yoseph, to wit, of Machir the first-born of Manasseh, and the father of Gilead: now because he was a man of war, he had Gilead and Bashan.)
Cvdl And the lot fell vpo the trybe of Manasse (for he is Iosephs first sonne) and it fell vpon Machir the first sonne of Manasse ye father of Gilead: for he was a ma of armes, therfore had he Gilead and Basan.
(And the lot fell upon the tribe of Manasse (for he is Yosephs first son) and it fell upon Machir the first son of Manasse ye/you_all father of Gilead: for he was a man of arms, therefore had he Gilead and Bashan.)
Wycl Forsothe lot felde in to the lynage of Manasse, for he is the firste gendrid sone of Joseph; lot felde to Machir, the firste gendrid sone of Manasses, to the fadir of Galaad, that was a werriour, and he hadde possessioun Galaad and Basan.
(For_certain/Truly lot field in to the lineage of Manasse, for he is the firstborn son of Yoseph; lot field to Machir, the firstborn son of Manasses, to the father of Gilead, that was a warrior, and he had possession Gilead and Bashan.)
Luth Und das Los fiel dem Stamm Manasse, denn er ist Josephs erster Sohn, und fiel auf Machir, den ersten Sohn Manasses, den Vater Gileads, denn er war ein streitbarer Mann; darum ward ihm Gilead und Basan.
(And the lot fell to_him tribe Manasseh, because/than he is Joseph’s first son, and fell on/in/to Machir, the first son Manasses, the father Gilead’s, because/than he what/which a more_contentious Mann; therefore what/which him Gilead and Bashan.)
ClVg Cecidit autem sors tribui Manasse (ipse enim est primogenitus Joseph): Machir primogenito Manasse patri Galaad, qui fuit vir pugnator, habuitque possessionem Galaad et Basan:
(Fell however fate/divination to_be_given Manasseh (exactly_that/himself because it_is firstborn Yoseph): Machir firstborn Manasseh to_his_father Gilead, who/which it_was man be_fought, and_had possession Gilead and Bashan:)
This section describes the boundaries of the land given to Ephraim and to Manasseh, and the towns within each of their lands.
Now this was the allotment for the tribe of Manasseh
¶ Then the clan of Manasseh received land according to the lot.
¶ This is the land that Joshua gave to the clan of Manasseh
Now this was the allotment for the tribe of Manasseh: The clause allotment for the tribe of Manasseh translates the same Hebrew words as in Joshua 15:1, except that here it refers to the clans of the tribe of Manasseh rather than the clans of the tribe of Judah. It refers to the land that the clan of Manasseh received when Joshua and Eleazar cast lots for them. It is recommended that you translate this the same way as you did in 15:1.
Here are some other ways to translate this part of the verse:
Then the clan of Manasseh received land according to the lot
Then the descendants of Manasseh were assigned land by lot
Joshua gave land to the descendants of Manasseh according to the lot
as Joseph’s firstborn son,
Manasseh was the first-born son of Joseph.
who was the elder son of Joseph.
as Joseph’s firstborn son: Here are some other ways to translate this part of the verse:
He was Joseph’s first son
Manasseh was the oldest son of Joseph
as: The Hebrew word that the BSB translates as as shows that the phrase “Joseph’s firstborn son” is additional information.
Here are some other ways to translate this clause:
The tribe of Manasseh, Joseph’s firstborn son, was also allotted land (NET)
This was the allotment for the tribe of Manasseh as Joseph’s firstborn (NIV)
A part of the land west of the Jordan was assigned to some of the families descended from Joseph’s older son Manasseh (GNT)
namely for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh and father of the Gileadites,
Machir, the firstborn son of Manasseh and the father of Gilead,
Machir was Manasseh’s oldest son. The name of Machir’s son was Gilead.
for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh and father of the Gileadites: There is an interpretation issue concerning the name Gileadites.
Gileadites is the name of a person, Gilead. For example:
To Machir…the father of Gilead (ESV) (ESV, RSV, NET, NLT, NABRE, NJPS, GNT, CEV, KJV)
Gileadites is the name of a group of people who descended from a person name Gilead. For example:
Makir was the ancestor of the Gileadites (NIV) (BSB, NIV)
Gileadites is the name of a region. For example:
Machir…the ancestor of the people living in Gilead (GW) (GW)
It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). In this phrase the word “Gilead” refers to a person, not to the region of Gilead. This is the interpretation taken by the majority of English versions and by some commentaries.Woudstra, p. 263. The person named Gilead is also mentioned in Numbers 26:29–30 and 1 Chronicles 7:14|. The region of Gilead is mentioned in Joshua 17:1d.
Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:
Machir was the firstborn son of Manasseh and the father of Gilead
Machir was Manasseh’s oldest son. The name of his son was Gilead
who had received Gilead and Bashan
received the territories of Gilead and Bashan,
Machir was assigned the lands of Gilead and Bashan east of the Jordan River,
who had received Gilead and Bashan: Gilead and Bashan were regions. They were areas of land that were east of the Jordan River.
Here are some other ways to translate this part of the verse:
he received the regions of Gilead and Bashan east of the Jordan River
Machir received the lands of Gilead and Bashan which were east of the Jordan River
they gave Machir land in the regions of Gilead and Bashan which were east of the Jordan River
because Machir was a man of war.
because he was a skilled fighter.
because he fought well in battle.
because Machir was a man of war: The phrase man of war indicates that Machir was a skilled fighter. Numbers 32:39.tells how Machir and his descendants went to Gilead and defeated the people who were living there. Because of this he received Gilead as his inheritance.
Here are some other ways to translate this part of the verse:
because he was a skilled fighter
because he fought well in battle. He had fought the people of Gilead and Bashan and captured their land.
In some languages it may be more natural to translate 1e before 1d. For example:
Machir was a skilled fighter, so he received the territories of Gilead and Bashan on the east side of the Jordan River.
Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / metonymy
וַיְהִ֤י הַגּוֹרָל֙
and=he/it_was the,lot
The author is using the term lot by association to mean the territory that was assigned by casting lots. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: [And a territory was assigned by lot]
Note 2 topic: writing-background
כִּי־ה֖וּא בְּכ֣וֹר יוֹסֵ֑ף
(Some words not found in UHB: and=he/it_was the,lot to,the_tribe_of Mənashsheh that/for/because/then/when he/it firstborn_of Yōşēf/(Joseph) to,Makir firstborn_of Mənashsheh father_of of_(the),Gilead that/for/because/then/when he/it it_became (a)_man war and=he/it_was to=him/it (the),Gilead and,(the),Bashan )
The author is reminding readers of what he has already told them in [Joshua 16:4](../16/04.md), that the descendants of Joseph had become the two tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. So most of the tribal allotments went to descendants of Jacob’s sons, but the allotments described in [Joshua 16:5–10](../16/05.md) and in this chapter went to descendants of Jacob’s grandsons.
Note 3 topic: figures-of-speech / explicit
לְמָכִיר֩ בְּכ֨וֹר מְנַשֶּׁ֜ה אֲבִ֣י הַגִּלְעָ֗ד
to,Makir (Some words not found in UHB: and=he/it_was the,lot to,the_tribe_of Mənashsheh that/for/because/then/when he/it firstborn_of Yōşēf/(Joseph) to,Makir firstborn_of Mənashsheh father_of of_(the),Gilead that/for/because/then/when he/it it_became (a)_man war and=he/it_was to=him/it (the),Gilead and,(the),Bashan )
Be sure that it is clear in your translation that Machir, not Manasseh, was the father of Gilead. Alternate translation: [For Machir, who was the firstborn of Manasseh and who was the father of Gilead]
Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / metonymy
כִּ֣י ה֤וּא הָיָה֙ אִ֣ישׁ מִלְחָמָ֔ה וַֽיְהִי־ל֖וֹ
(Some words not found in UHB: and=he/it_was the,lot to,the_tribe_of Mənashsheh that/for/because/then/when he/it firstborn_of Yōşēf/(Joseph) to,Makir firstborn_of Mənashsheh father_of of_(the),Gilead that/for/because/then/when he/it it_became (a)_man war and=he/it_was to=him/it (the),Gilead and,(the),Bashan )
The author is using the singular pronouns he and him, representing Machir, by association to mean his descendants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: [because his descendants were great warriors, so to them were]
Though Manasseh’s descendants formed only half the tribe of Joseph (the other half being Ephraim) and its population was surpassed by Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, and Asher (Numbers 26) at the time of their entry in Canaan, Manasseh occupied one of the largest allotments among the tribes of Israel, rivaling even the royal tribe of Judah. Half of Manasseh’s allotted territory was located technically outside the Promised Land of Canaan in the region commonly referred to as the Transjordan (“across the Jordan”), which was seized from King Og as the Israelites approached Canaan from the southeast and prepared to enter the land (Numbers 32:33; Deuteronomy 3:13; Joshua 13; see “Israel Defeats Og and Sihon” map). The other half of its territory (often referred to as West Manasseh) lay in the central region of the Promised Land, and the tribe of Manasseh, sometimes referred to by the name of Machir, Manasseh’s son, was involved in several key events in the early life of Israel. They participated in the victory of Deborah and Barak over Sisera (Judges 5:14; see “Deborah and Barak Defeat Sisera” map) as well as the victory of Gideon (who was from Manasseh) over the Midianites (Judges 7:23; see “Gideon Defeats the Midianites” map). After Gideon died, his son Abimelech briefly made himself king over Shechem and also attacked the town of Thebez in the territory of Manasseh (Judges 9). Manassites were among those who joined David before the battle at Mount Gilboa and also among those who came to make him king at Hebron (1 Chronicles 12; see “The Battle at Mount Gilboa” map and “David and Ish-bosheth” map). Many Manassites were also among those who humbled themselves and accepted Hezekiah’s invitation to attend the Passover in Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 30:11).
West Manasseh’s boundaries eventually stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River, and that is how they are drawn on virtually all maps of the tribe’s territory. But this author is convinced that a careful reading of Joshua 16-17 (particularly Joshua 17:7-12) indicates that, technically speaking, Manasseh’s initial allotment included only the western portion of their full allotment, that is, the land to the west of Tappuah, Shechem, and En-gannim and to the south of Asher (see “Poster Map of the Tribe of Zebulun and Its Surroundings circa 1200 B.C.” map and its discussion regarding southern Asher), as shown on this map (see also 1 Kings 4:10). But the tribe of Joseph (that is, Manasseh and Ephraim) complained to Joshua that their allotted territory in Canaan was not large enough for their growing populations (Joshua 17:14-18). So Joshua responded: “If you are a numerous people, go up to the forest, and clear ground there for yourselves in the land of the Perizzites and the Rephaim” (Joshua 17:15). Then it appears that the tribe of Joseph complained further that even this additional hill country would not be enough, yet they were not confident that they could take land from the Canaanites in the Jezreel Valley (Joshua 17:16). But Joshua assured them, “Since you are so large and strong, you will be given more than one portion. The forests of the hill country will be yours as well. Clear as much of the land as you wish, and take possession of its farthest corners. And you will drive out the Canaanites from the valleys, too, even though they are strong and have iron chariots” (Joshua 17:17-18, NLT). This additional allotment–the forested hill country of the Perizzites and the Rephaim–was likely the mountainous region just north of Shechem and the surrounding towns of Tirzah, Thebez, and Bezek. This is supported by Jacob’s comment in Genesis 34:30 that Simeon and Levi had made him “odious to the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites and the Perizzites” when they slaughtered the men of Shechem for assaulting their sister. Judges 1:4-5 also references a battle fought against the Canaanites and the Perizzites at Bezek. Prior to the Israelites’ entry into Canaan, Perizzites apparently lived in the hill country near Bethel and Ai as well (Genesis 13:7). The Rephaim, while predominantly associated with the lands across the Jordan River (Genesis 14:5; Deuteronomy 2:11-20; 3:11-13), apparently also lived in Canaan, because the Israelites wiped out many Anakim, who were descendants of the Rephaim, as they were conquering Judah (Deuteronomy 2:11; Joshua 11:21-22; 14:12-15). It should also be noted that Ephraim was included in this promise of an additional lot as well (Joshua 17:17), and the stories of Gideon and Jephthah indicate that by their time Ephraim, not Manasseh, was progressively gaining control over the lower Jordan Valley as far north as Zaphon (Judges 7:23-24; 12:1). Manasseh also began to occupy territory belonging to the surrounding Israelite tribes, including the towns and surrounding villages of Beth-shan, Ibleam, Dor, Endor, Taanach, and Megiddo, though they never fully drove out the Canaanites living there (Joshua 17:11-12; Judges 1:27-28; 1 Chronicles 7:29). As a result, the territory occupied by Manasseh and Ephraim by the completion of the book of Joshua and Judges is notably larger than the land originally allotted to them.
Joshua also records that Manasseh’s tribal allotment was further divided among ten clans of Manasseh, including the families of the daughters of Zelophehad (Joshua 17:1-6). During the Israelites’ wandering in the wilderness, Moses granted Zelophehad’s daughters, whose father had no sons, the right to inherit land, though this was not the normal practice in Israel (Numbers 27). The discovery of the Samaria Ostraca in the palace of Ahab in 1910 has enabled scholars to deduce the likely area in which several of these clans settled within Manasseh’s territory, including Noah, Shemida, Abiezer, Asriel, Shechem, Helek, Hoglah, and Tirzah. This author also suspects that the location of the clan of Mahlah may be preserved in the name of the ruins at Khirbat al Milkh (identified as Abel-meholah on this map) and the nearby stream of Wadi el Maleh. Likewise, this author also suspects the location of the clan of Milcah may be preserved in name of the ruins at Khirbat Malihim and the nearby spring of `Ein el Ma`lqa.
After the Israelites had conquered portions of the Promised Land and Joshua had grown old, the Lord directed him to divide the rest of the land among the tribes of Israel as their inheritance (Joshua 13-20). The eastern tribes had already been allotted their land under Moses’ leadership (Numbers 32), but they continued to help the other tribes drive out the Canaanites from land west of the Jordan River. The Lord also instructed the Israelites to designate several cities of refuge, where someone could flee for protection from an avenger if they accidentally killed someone (Numbers 35; Joshua 20).