Key Places in the Book of Joshua
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JOSHUA, Book of
First of the historical books in the English Bible and the first of the Former Prophets (including Judges, the books of Samuel, and the books of Kings) in the Hebrew Bible. It begins with the Lord’s commission of Joshua (Jos 1:1-9) and concludes with the burial of Joshua, Eleazar, and the bones of Joseph (24:29-33). The purpose of the book is to show how Joshua continued in the footsteps of Moses, how the Lord gave the land to Israel, and how Israel might prosper in the land.
Jump to OET JOS 1:1–9 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:29–33 section.
Preview
• Purpose
• Content
Key Places in the Book of Joshua
Author and Date
According to the Talmud, Joshua wrote the book. This ancient tradition is possibly based on the brief statement that Joshua “recorded these things in the Book of the Law of God” (24:26, NLT). However, this applies only to the renewal of the covenant (ch 24). The issue of authorship is tied up with the dating of the book. Since the book has no unambiguous markers on date and authorship, neither critics nor conservative scholars have been able to come to any agreement on these issues. According to a conservative analysis of Joshua, the book was written between 1375 BC and 1045 BC (premonarchic). The argument is based on the references to the migration of Dan (19:47; cf. Jgs 18:27-31), to Jerusalem as a Jebusite city (Jos 15:8, 63 OET JOS 15:8 · OET JOS 15:63; 18:16, 28 OET JOS 18:16 · OET JOS 18:28), to Sidon rather than Tyre as the prominent Phoenician city (11:8; 13:4-6; 19:28), and also on the eyewitness style (5:1, 6 OET JOS 5:1 · OET JOS 5:6—in the MT). But critical scholars have raised issues that they considered could best be resolved by positing a seventh-century BC or even an exilic date.
Jump to OET JOS 24:26 section.
Jump to OET JOS 19:47 section.
Jump to OET JDG 18:27–31 section.
Jump to OET JOS 15:8 section. · OET JOS 15:63 section.
Jump to OET JOS 18:16 section. · OET JOS 18:28 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:8 section.
Jump to OET JOS 13:4–6 section.
Jump to OET JOS 19:28 section.
Jump to OET JOS 5:1 section. · OET JOS 5:6 section.
Problems of Interpretation
Holy War
The morality of the Conquest may be explained by the concept of holy war. The holy war motif would explain why Israel was to destroy the indigenous population (Dt 7:16; 20:16-18; Jos 6:21; 8:24-26; 10:10, 28-30, 35-42 OET JOS 10:10 · OET JOS 10:28–30 · OET JOS 10:35–42; 11:11). The justification may lie in the concept that Israel was God’s instrument of judgment on the Canaanite nations. This argument is related to the mention of the wickedness of the Canaanites (Gn 15:16; Dt 7:2-5, 25-26 OET DEU 7:2–5 · OET DEU 7:25–26; 12:30-31; Jos 23:7; Jgs 2:11). However, the canonical narrative of the progression of the Conquest puts the responsibility on the Canaanites. They marched and fought against Israel (Nm 21:21-35; Jos 7:4-5; 8:5, 16-17 OET JOS 8:5 · OET JOS 8:16–17; 9:1-2; 10:1-6; 11:1-5; 24:11). Therefore, it could be argued that in the process of war a sincere invitation to make peace was given to the kings (cf. Nm 21:21-22; Dt 20:10-11) but was refused. Instead, the kings took the initiative in battle. The responsibility for the destruction of the native population thus lay with the leadership. Yet all this was evidence of God’s working in human affairs, which the Bible simply states, “For it was the Lord himself who hardened their hearts to wage war against Israel, so that he might destroy them totally, exterminating them without mercy, as the Lord had commanded Moses” (Jos 11:20, niv). Even as Pharaoh, whose heart the Lord hardened, was responsible for the plagues in Egypt, so the Canaanite rulers were responsible for the extermination of their populations. The biblical account of the Conquest affirms the mystery of human responsibility and divine sovereignty without explaining it.
Jump to OET DEU 7:16 section.
Jump to OET DEU 20:16–18 section.
Jump to OET JOS 6:21 section.
Jump to OET JOS 8:24–26 section.
Jump to OET JOS 10:10 section. · OET JOS 10:28–30 section. · OET JOS 10:35–42 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:11 section.
Jump to OET GEN 15:16 section.
Jump to OET DEU 7:2–5 section. · OET DEU 7:25–26 section.
Jump to OET DEU 12:30–31 section.
Jump to OET JOS 23:7 section.
Jump to OET JDG 2:11 section.
Jump to OET JOS 7:4–5 section.
Jump to OET JOS 8:5 section. · OET JOS 8:16–17 section.
Jump to OET JOS 9:1–2 section.
Jump to OET JOS 10:1–6 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:1–5 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:11 section.
Jump to OET NUM 21:21–22 section.
Jump to OET DEU 20:10–11 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:20 section.
Nature of the Conquest
Various explanations of the nature of the Conquest have been given. The traditional view of a blitzkrieg type of conquest, which resulted in a complete occupation of the whole land (cf. Jos 10:40; 11:1-3, 16-19 OET JOS 11:1–3 · OET JOS 11:16–19), does not fit within the whole picture of the book. The book presents a realistic description of the areas that still had to be conquered (13:1-7) and of the military strength of the indigenous population (cf. 13:13; 15:63; 16:10; 17:12-18; 19:47). Moreover, Joshua promised that the Lord would continue to help Israel to occupy the land, as its population and needs developed (23:5). The occupation of Canaan was in two stages: conquest and gradual occupation (cf. Ex 23:29-30; Dt 7:22).
Jump to OET JOS 10:40 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:1–3 section. · OET JOS 11:16–19 section.
Jump to OET JOS 13:1–7 section.
Jump to OET JOS 13:13 section.
Jump to OET JOS 15:63 section.
Jump to OET JOS 16:10 section.
Jump to OET JOS 17:12–18 section.
Jump to OET JOS 23:5 section.
Jump to OET EXO 23:29–30 section.
Jump to OET DEU 7:22 section.
Purpose
The role of the final (canonical) form of the book is to present Joshua’s obedience to the law of Moses. Victory and defeat are illustrations of obedience and disobedience. Of course, there is tension in this because the descriptions of the Conquest are complete and yet incomplete. The tension is a dynamic device to show that the Conquest and enjoyment of the land depend wholly on obedience. The period of Joshua is viewed as a paradigm of obedient Israel. Thus, a holistic reading of the book presents an appeal to covenant loyalty directed to future generations.
Content
Conquest of the Land, 1:1–12:24 OET JOS 1:1–18 · OET JOS 2:1–24 · OET JOS 3:1–17 · OET JOS 4:1–24 · OET JOS 5:1–15 · OET JOS 6:1–27 · OET JOS 7:1–26 · OET JOS 8:1–35 · OET JOS 9:1–27 · OET JOS 10:1–43 · OET JOS 11:1–23 · OET JOS 12:1–24
The Lord’s Commission of Joshua, 1:1-9
With the death of Moses (Jos 1:1), the Lord himself confirms Moses’ ordination of Joshua (Dt 34:9). He charges him with leadership in the conquest of Canaan (Jos 1:2-3), defines the geographical boundaries of the land (v 4), encourages him with his continued presence (vv 5, 9 OET JOS 1:5 · OET JOS 1:9), and expects him to devoutly follow in “the law of Moses” (i.e., the law given in Dt; cf. Dt 31:9, 24-26 OET DEU 31:9 · OET DEU 31:24–26; Jos 23:6), so that he may succeed in his mission (1:7-8). The original mission, as well as the ministry of Moses, find their continuity in Joshua.
Jump to OET JOS 1:1 section.
Jump to OET DEU 34:9 section.
Jump to OET JOS 1:2–3 section.
Jump to OET JOS 1:4 section.
Jump to OET JOS 1:5 section. · OET JOS 1:9 section.
Jump to OET DEU 31:9 section. · OET DEU 31:24–26 section.
Jump to OET JOS 23:6 section.
Jump to OET JOS 1:7–8 section.
Crossing the Jordan, 1:10–5:12 OET JOS 1:10–18 · OET JOS 2:1–24 · OET JOS 3:1–17 · OET JOS 4:1–24 · OET JOS 5:1–12
The first stage calls for the preparation of Israel. As their leader, Joshua must demonstrate to the people that he follows in the footsteps of Moses. He does this by reminding the Transjordan tribes to demonstrate loyalty to the command of Moses by joining with the other tribes in the conquest of Canaan (1:13-15; cf. Nm 32:20-27). They submitted to Joshua’s authority as to Moses’ (Jos 1:16-18). He demonstrates his military leadership in sending the two spies to Jericho (ch 2). His authority is accepted by priests (3:6; 4:10) and people (3:5-9) as they cross the Jordan. The crossing of the Jordan marks the public recognition of Joshua as a leader like Moses (4:14).
Jump to OET JOS 1:13–15 section.
Jump to OET NUM 32:20–27 section.
Jump to OET JOS 1:16–18 section.
Jump to OET JOS 3:6 section.
Jump to OET JOS 4:10 section.
Jump to OET JOS 3:5–9 section.
Jump to OET JOS 4:14 section.
The account of the crossing marks an important transition from the era of the exodus/wilderness to the era of the Conquest. On the one hand, the story of Rahab illustrates how the Canaanites had heard about the Lord’s mighty acts (2:10-11) and reacted with great fear (cf. Ex 15:15; 23:27-28; Dt 2:25; 7:23; 11:25; 32:30). Rahab’s expression of faith in Israel’s God (2:11) anticipates the inclusion of the Gentiles in the covenant community as promised to the patriarchs (Gn 12:3). By faith Rahab was included in the covenant and was richly rewarded by the inclusion of her name in the lineage of Jesus (Mt 1:5).
Jump to OET JOS 2:10–11 section.
Jump to OET EXO 15:15 section.
Jump to OET EXO 23:27–28 section.
Jump to OET DEU 2:25 section.
Jump to OET DEU 7:23 section.
Jump to OET DEU 11:25 section.
Jump to OET DEU 32:30 section.
Jump to OET JOS 2:11 section.
Jump to OET GEN 12:3 section.
Jump to OET MAT 1:5 section.
The Israelites crossed the Jordan with the knowledge that the fear of God had come on the Canaanites (Jos 2:24). However, they were also instructed to show their reverence for the Lord by keeping a safe distance between themselves and the ark of the covenant (3:4) and by consecrating themselves (v 5). The “living God” was among them and required holiness and reverence from his people (v 10). He, in turn, would demonstrate his loyalty in the marvelous passage through the Jordan River (v 13) and in the conquest of the land (3:10). After the tribes had crossed the river (4:1), each leader of the 12 tribes took up a stone out of the dried-up riverbed and set up a memorial at Gilgal (vv 1-9, 20 OET JOS 4:1–9 · OET JOS 4:20). Thus, Israel was to remember that the stones, taken from the place where the priests who carried the ark had stood, were reminders of the majestic presence of God. Future generations who were to hear this report (vv 21-24) were hereby encouraged because the fear of God would fall on all the peoples of the land (v 24).
Jump to OET JOS 2:24 section.
Jump to OET JOS 3:4 section.
Jump to OET JOS 3:5 section.
Jump to OET JOS 3:10 section.
Jump to OET JOS 3:13 section.
Jump to OET JOS 4:1 section.
Jump to OET JOS 4:1–9 section. · OET JOS 4:20 section.
Jump to OET JOS 4:21–24 section.
Jump to OET JOS 4:24 section.
The consecration before the conquest of Jericho is also symbolized by the act of circumcision (5:1-9) and by the celebration of the Passover (vv 10-12). The events are not necessarily chronologically related but were selected as examples of Israel’s responsiveness to Joshua’s ministry. Moses’ appeal to the new generation had its effect (cf. Dt 4:4-14; 6:1-5). The new generation served the Lord as long as Joshua and the elders were alive (Jos 24:31). Physical circumcision, neglected during the wilderness journey (5:5) due to unbelief, was a sign of spiritual responsiveness. The responsive nation received the external sign of the covenant with the anticipation that the Lord of the covenant would bless his people in giving them victory and the fruit of the land. Their reproach was rolled away (v 9). The covenant continuity is also brought out in the brief mention of the Passover celebration. The newness is their eating the fruit of the land. With the taste of the food of Canaan, the manna stopped. The desert experience was over. A new era was ushered in with their presence in the Promised Land (vv 11-12).
Jump to OET JOS 5:1–9 section.
Jump to OET JOS 5:10–12 section.
Jump to OET DEU 4:4–14 section.
Jump to OET DEU 6:1–5 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:31 section.
Jump to OET JOS 5:5 section.
Jump to OET JOS 5:9 section.
Jump to OET JOS 5:11–12 section.
Conquest of Jericho, 5:13–6:27 OET JOS 5:13–15 · OET JOS 6:1–27
The victory is the Lord’s. This is the message with which the battle of Jericho begins. The holy God who appeared to Moses in the burning bush (Ex 3:2–4:17 OET EXO 3:2–22 · OET EXO 4:1–17) appeared to Joshua as the commander of the Lord’s army (Jos 5:14-15) with a message from the Lord (6:2). The city of Jericho will fall without a siege and ensuing battle. Israel’s response to Jericho’s preparedness for war (cf. 24:11) was strange, but the presence of the ark and the blowing of the trumpets symbolized that the Lord would fight for Israel, even as he had promised. However, Israel could not take any of the spoil. Because Yahweh fought for Israel, everything was to be devoted to him (6:17). The Lord honored the vow to Rahab, made by the spies, so that she and her family were kept alive (vv 17, 25 OET JOS 6:17 · OET JOS 6:25), but they were temporarily placed outside the camp (v 23). The valuable metals were placed into the treasury (vv 19, 24 OET JOS 6:19 · OET JOS 6:24), whereas everything else was burned by fire (v 24). Nothing was to be taken for personal gain; otherwise God’s judgment would rest on Israel (v 18). In order to emphasize God’s absolute ownership of Jericho, Joshua put a curse on anyone who would attempt to rebuild the city (6:26; cf. 1 Kgs 16:34). The rumors of Jericho’s destruction spread, and the peoples of Canaan knew that the Lord was with Joshua (Jos 6:27; cf. 1:5, 9 OET JOS 1:5 · OET JOS 1:9).
Jump to OET JOS 5:14–15 section.
Jump to OET JOS 6:2 section.
Jump to OET JOS 6:17 section.
Jump to OET JOS 6:17 section. · OET JOS 6:25 section.
Jump to OET JOS 6:23 section.
Jump to OET JOS 6:19 section. · OET JOS 6:24 section.
Jump to OET JOS 6:24 section.
Jump to OET JOS 6:18 section.
Jump to OET JOS 6:26 section.
Jump to OET KI1 16:34 section.
Jump to OET JOS 6:27 section.
Tragedy and Triumph at Ai, 7:1–8:29 OET JOS 7:1–26 · OET JOS 8:1–29
Victory was short-lived because Achan defied God’s “ban,” took some of the objects, hid them in the ground under his tent (7:21), and brought God’s wrath on all of Israel (v 1). Israel was stunned by their defeat at Ai (vv 2-5). Joshua and the elders responded to the disaster by fasting and lamenting (vv 6-9). What a contrast between the reports of victory spread through the land and the anguished cry of God’s servant, fearful that the Canaanites would amass strength and wipe out Israel (v 9). Only after the people had consecrated themselves (v 13) and Achan was exposed and his memory removed (vv 25b-26) could they renew the attack on Ai with the encouraging promise of God’s presence and victory (8:1-2). Ai, too, was taken (vv 3-19) and the population execrated (vv 20-26), but Israel enjoyed the spoils by direct permission from the Lord (v 27). The ruins of Ai, the pile of stones covering the body of Ai’s king (vv 28-29), and the heap of rocks over Achan’s body were sobering reminders to Israel that God’s faithfulness requires absolute loyalty from his people.
Jump to OET JOS 7:21 section.
Jump to OET JOS 7:1 section.
Jump to OET JOS 7:2–5 section.
Jump to OET JOS 7:6–9 section.
Jump to OET JOS 7:9 section.
Jump to OET JOS 7:13 section.
Jump to OET JOS 7:25–26 section.
Jump to OET JOS 8:1–2 section.
Jump to OET JOS 8:20–26 section.
Jump to OET JOS 8:27 section.
Jump to OET JOS 8:28–29 section.
Renewal of the Covenant, 8:30-35
Jump to OET JOS 8:30–35 section.
Joshua led Israel in a ceremonial covenant renewal at Shechem, as Moses had instructed (Jos 8:31; cf. Dt 11:29; 27). Joshua took care in the proper preparation of the altar (cf. Ex 20:25) on which dedicatory and communal offerings were presented. He copied the law as a symbol of his royal leadership and his devotion to the Lord (Jos 8:32; cf. Dt 17:18). All Israel (officers and people, aliens and native-born Israelites) together presented themselves for the reading of the blessings and the curses (Jos 8:33-35). The whole book of Deuteronomy (i.e., “the Book of the Law,” cf. Dt 31:26) was read in their presence. Half the tribes stood on Mt Gerizim and said “Amen” to the blessings, and the other six stood on Mt Ebal, saying “Amen” to the curses (cf. Dt 27:9-26).
Jump to OET JOS 8:31 section.
Jump to OET DEU 11:29 section.
Jump to OET EXO 20:25 section.
Jump to OET JOS 8:32 section.
Jump to OET DEU 17:18 section.
Jump to OET JOS 8:33–35 section.
Jump to OET DEU 31:26 section.
Covenant with the Gibeonites, 9:1-27
The rumors of God’s mighty acts had brought fear on the Canaanite kings (cf. Jos 2:8-11, 24 OET JOS 2:8–11 · OET JOS 2:24; 5:1; 6:27). The first defeat at Ai had given them a ray of hope that Israel could be put down. Rather than submit themselves to Israel and suffer from humiliation as servants of Israel, they joined forces against Joshua and Israel (9:1-2).
Jump to OET JOS 2:8–11 section. · OET JOS 2:24 section.
Jump to OET JOS 5:1 section.
The Hivites from Gibeon, Kephirah, Beeroth, and Kiriath-jearim (9:7, 17 OET JOS 9:7 · OET JOS 9:17) did not join with their fellow Canaanites. Instead, they developed an intricate plan to deceive Israel and to sue for full treaty status. The purpose of the treaty was that of friendship (namely, “peace”), promising each other to be of mutual assistance in case of attack. The concern was with the preservation of life (vv 15, 24 OET JOS 9:15 · OET JOS 9:24). Their deception included a ruse about the great distance they had traveled (vv 11-14) and a false report of Israel’s victories in Transjordan with no mention of their crossing the Jordan (9:9-10; cf. 5:1). The law permitted the submissive city to subject its population to a type of suzerainty treaty, in which Israel defined the terms and expected the subjugated populace to serve as its forced laborers (Dt 20:11; cf. Jgs 1:28-35; 1 Kgs 9:15-21). However, the treaty permitted the Hivites to maintain their way of life with the advantage of Israel’s military protection.
Jump to OET JOS 9:7 section. · OET JOS 9:17 section.
Jump to OET JOS 9:15 section. · OET JOS 9:24 section.
Jump to OET JOS 9:11–14 section.
Jump to OET JOS 9:9–10 section.
Jump to OET DEU 20:11 section.
Jump to OET JDG 1:28–35 section.
Jump to OET KI1 9:15–21 section.
The Southern Campaign, 10:1-43
The king of Jerusalem, Adoni-zedek, led the cities of Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon in an alliance against Gibeon as a military ploy to take a stand against Israel (Jos 10:1-5). The Gibeonites appealed to Israel for help based on their covenantal relationship (v 6). Joshua led Israel on a 25-mile (40-kilometer) hike through the wilderness from Gilgal up to Gibeon during one night (vv 7-9). The Israelite attack surprised the Canaanites, who were already frightened of the Israelites. The camp of the Canaanites was thrown into confusion, and the soldiers fled the hill country via the road of Beth-horon to Azekah and Makkedah (v 10). But while running, they were tormented with large hailstones (v 11). The victory was the Lord’s. Miraculously, Israel could push the Canaanites farther from the hill country because of the long day (vv 12-14). The marvel of this day was long remembered in the Book of Jashar (cf. 2 Sm 1:18), because on it the Lord listened to a man, namely Joshua (Jos 10:14).
Jump to OET JOS 10:1–5 section.
Jump to OET JOS 10:6 section.
Jump to OET JOS 10:7–9 section.
Jump to OET JOS 10:10 section.
Jump to OET JOS 10:11 section.
Jump to OET JOS 10:12–14 section.
Jump to OET SA2 1:18 section.
Jump to OET JOS 10:14 section.
The five kings hidden in a cave at Makkedah were discovered, killed, hanged on trees, and buried in the cave (10:16-27). Their foolish attempt to make war on Israel came to a quick end. Since the coalition of large cities had been put down, Joshua led Israel in a rapid campaign of the other southern cities (vv 29-43). The region was taken in one campaign with the Lord’s help (v 42).
Jump to OET JOS 10:16–27 section.
Jump to OET JOS 10:42 section.
The Northern Campaign, 11:1-15
The Israelites were again forced into battle, this time by the leadership of Jabin, king of Hazor. Jabin rallied the kings of the northern cities who assembled their troops and horses by the waters of Merom for battle against Israel (11:1-5). The similarity to the southern campaign is a literary way to demonstrate that the kings of the south and north initiated the war and were consequently defeated. So it was with the northern kings, who were routed as far as the region of Sidon in Phoenicia (v 8). Their horses were hamstrung and their chariots burned (v 9), as the Lord had instructed (v 6). Israel was to depend on the Lord (cf. Ps 20:7). Hazor, the great and ancient city, the center of Canaanite power in the north, was completely destroyed (Jos 11:10-13). The burning of Jericho, Ai, and Hazor were exceptions, because Israel had been promised Canaanite houses, wells, and cities (Dt 6:10-11; cf. Jos 24:13). The campaign narrative stresses again the absolute loyalty of Joshua to the Lord and to Moses, the servant of the Lord (Jos 11:9-15).
Jump to OET JOS 11:9 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:6 section.
Jump to OET PSA 20:7 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:10–13 section.
Jump to OET DEU 6:10–11 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:13 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:9–15 section.
Summary of the Campaigns, 11:16–12:24 OET JOS 11:16–23 · OET JOS 12:1–24
Joshua led Israel in victory and rest because of his careful adherence to the Lord’s directions to Moses. Moses had described the land to be conquered in detail (Dt 1:7), and Joshua took the regions of which Moses had spoken. Though the cities could have sued for a peaceable arrangement under which they would have been forced laborers (Dt 20:11), none of the cities recognized Israel. In fear they plotted and schemed how to destroy Israel. They were the aggressors. God had hardened their hearts (Jos 11:20). The theological reason is a mystery, as it was in the case of Pharaoh. But the net result was that Canaan was conquered and the population exterminated, except for the Hivites at Gibeon and their surrounding cities (vv 19-20). Even the Anakites, who had brought fear on Israel some 40 years before (Nm 13:33; cf. Dt 2:10, 21 OET DEU 2:10 · OET DEU 2:21), were execrated (Jos 11:21). Yet it is already apparent that not every square mile of land was taken (v 22), even though in a sense the entire land was Israel’s, because major centers of Canaanite resistance had been broken. The tension between fulfillment and complete fulfillment is apparent in these verses.
Jump to OET DEU 1:7 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:19–20 section.
Jump to OET NUM 13:33 section.
Jump to OET DEU 2:10 section. · OET DEU 2:21 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:21 section.
Jump to OET JOS 11:22 section.
The listing of defeated kings (ch 12) includes the victories over Sihon and Og under Moses’ leadership. Their juxtaposition with the list of kings conquered under Joshua demonstrates the continuity of leadership and purpose—two leaders, many campaigns, but one battle. The Land of Promise is now a fulfillment. Through the campaigns the borders of the land of inheritance were now more apparent. In Transjordan the limits are from the Arnon to Mt Hermon (vv 2-5). In Canaan the boundary extends from the region south of Sidon to the Negev (vv 7-8).
Jump to OET JOS 12:2–5 section.
Jump to OET JOS 12:7–8 section.
The Division of the Land, 13:1–22:34 OET JOS 13:1–33 · OET JOS 14:1–15 · OET JOS 15:1–63 · OET JOS 16:1–10 · OET JOS 17:1–18 · OET JOS 18:1–28 · OET JOS 19:1–51 · OET JOS 20:1–9 · OET JOS 21:1–45 · OET JOS 22:1–34
The Command to Divide the Land, 13:1-7
Because of Joshua’s advanced age, the “whole” land was not taken. Moses had forewarned Israel that the inheritance would result from conquest as well as from gradual extension of Israel’s narrow boundaries. Slowly Israel was to inherit the whole land, lest it be overwhelmed by the size and be unable to use it properly (Ex 23:29-30; Dt 7:22). The areas still to be occupied were: the region to the north of Galilee, Mt Hermon (east of the Sea of Galilee), the area occupied by the Philistines, and regional Canaanite enclaves (Jos 13:2-7; cf. Jgs 1). Israel was not to be concerned with the future rights of occupation, because the Lord promised to help them (Jos 13:6).
Jump to OET JOS 13:2–7 section.
Jump to OET JOS 13:6 section.
Division of Transjordan, 13:8-33
Joshua did not alter the Mosaic arrangement concerning the allotments to the tribes of Manasseh, Reuben, and Gad (Jos 13:8, 32-33 OET JOS 13:8 · OET JOS 13:32–33; cf. Nm 32; Dt 3:12-17). Their territory also excluded certain regions still occupied by Canaanites (Jos 13:13). The clans of Reuben had received the territory from the Arnon River north to Heshbon (vv 15-23). The clans of Gad had received the territory of Gilead, south of the Jabbok River to Heshbon (vv 24-28). Several clans of Manasseh received the region south of the Wadi Yarmuk to the Jabbok (vv 29-31). The Levitical towns are not listed here, but a reference is made to them as not receiving a patrimony, because they were to live off the offerings and sacrifices made to the Lord (Jos 13:14; cf. Nm 18:20-24; 35:1-8).
Jump to OET JOS 13:8 section. · OET JOS 13:32–33 section.
Jump to OET DEU 3:12–17 section.
Jump to OET JOS 13:15–23 section.
Jump to OET JOS 13:24–28 section.
Jump to OET JOS 13:29–31 section.
Jump to OET JOS 13:14 section.
Jump to OET NUM 18:20–24 section.
Jump to OET NUM 35:1–8 section.
The Tribal Divisions in Canaan, 14:1–19:51 OET JOS 14:1–15 · OET JOS 15:1–63 · OET JOS 16:1–10 · OET JOS 17:1–18 · OET JOS 18:1–28 · OET JOS 19:1–51
Eleazar, the high priest, and Joshua together cast lots to determine the boundaries, size, and allocation for the remaining nine and a half tribes. Again the exclusion of the tribe of Levi is mentioned (Jos 14:4), because their cities will be dealt with in chapters 20–21 OET JOS 20:1–9 · OET JOS 21:1–45. Another literary device is special mention of the inheritance of Caleb in the beginning (14:6-15) and of Joshua at the conclusion (19:49-50). These two were the only ones who had left Egypt as adults, had been faithful spies, and had entered into the Promised Land (Nm 14:24, 30 OET NUM 14:24 · OET NUM 14:30; Dt 1:36-38).
Jump to OET JOS 14:4 section.
Jump to OET JOS 14:6–15 section.
Jump to OET JOS 19:49–50 section.
Jump to OET NUM 14:24 section. · OET NUM 14:30 section.
Jump to OET DEU 1:36–38 section.
Judah, 15:1-63 (cf. Jgs 1:10-15, 20 OET JDG 1:10–15 · OET JDG 1:20)
The boundaries of Judah extended from the Dead Sea westward to the Mediterranean (Jos 15:2-12). The cities of Judah are listed in its four regions: 29 in the Negev (vv 21-32), 42 cities in the Shephelah (or western foothills) and coastal plains (vv 33-47), 38 cities in the hill country (15:48-60), and 6 cities in the desert (vv 61-62). Judah was unable to take Jerusalem (v 63) until David made it his capital (cf. Jgs 1:21; 2 Sm 5:6-16).
Jump to OET JOS 15:2–12 section.
Jump to OET JOS 15:21–32 section.
Jump to OET JOS 15:61–62 section.
Jump to OET JDG 1:21 section.
Jump to OET SA2 5:6–16 section.
Ephraim and Manasseh, 16:1–17:18 OET JOS 16:1–10 · OET JOS 17:1–18
These two tribes, descended from Joseph, were richly blessed (cf. Gn 48; 49:22-26; Dt 33:13-17) and had obtained prominence among the tribes. They received one allotment as “the allotment for Joseph” (Jos 16:1). Part of Manasseh had already received a patrimony east of the Jordan (13:29-31). The limits for Ephraim and the west half of Manasseh were from Bethel to Mt Gilboa in the north and from the Jordan to the Mediterranean (16:1-3). Ephraim received the smaller portion in the south (vv 5-9) but was unable to drive the Canaanites out of Gezer. The clans of Manasseh are given, including Zelophehad (17:3-6; cf. Nm 27:1-11; 36:1-12), in order to clearly distinguish them from the clans of Manasseh in Transjordan. The region of west Manasseh extended from Shechem to Mt Gilboa (Jos 17:7-11); but Manasseh, also, was incapable of driving out the Canaanites completely (vv 12-13).
Jump to OET GEN 49:22–26 section.
Jump to OET DEU 33:13–17 section.
Jump to OET JOS 16:1 section.
Jump to OET JOS 16:1–3 section.
Jump to OET JOS 16:5–9 section.
Jump to OET JOS 17:3–6 section.
Jump to OET NUM 27:1–11 section.
Jump to OET NUM 36:1–12 section.
Jump to OET JOS 17:7–11 section.
Jump to OET JOS 17:12–13 section.
Though they had received the largest portion of the land (more than a third), the tribes of Joseph complained. They knew that the Lord had blessed them (17:14), and they expected to get more cultivable land. But Joshua urged them to use the available land by cutting down the forests (vv 15-18). When they expressed realistic concern about Canaanite military power, Joshua called on them to do their share in occupying the land.
Jump to OET JOS 17:14 section.
Jump to OET JOS 17:15–18 section.
Seven Tribes, 18:1–19:51 OET JOS 18:1–28 · OET JOS 19:1–51
The Israelites assembled at Shiloh to set up the tabernacle (cf. 1 Sm 1). At that point seven tribes had not yet received their patrimony. Joshua called for each tribe to commission three men to survey the land. When they returned, Joshua cast lots at the tabernacle in Shiloh and divided the land (Jos 18:3-10). The territory of Benjamin was between Judah and Ephraim (vv 11-28). Simeon’s allotment was in southern Judah (19:1-9), resulting in its absorption into Judah (cf. Gn 49:7). Zebulun (Jos 19:10-16), Issachar (vv 17-23), Asher (vv 24-31), and Naphtali (vv 32-39) received a portion north of Manasseh in the region of Galilee. Dan received the seventh lot and suffered subsequently, when it could not maintain the allotted territory because of the pressure of Judah on the east and the Philistines to the west (vv 40-48). They migrated northward and found the sources of the Jordan to be a fruitful region (Jos 19:47; cf. Jgs 18).
Jump to OET JOS 18:3–10 section.
Jump to OET JOS 19:1–9 section.
Jump to OET GEN 49:7 section.
Jump to OET JOS 19:10–16 section.
Jump to OET JOS 19:17–23 section.
Jump to OET JOS 19:24–31 section.
Jump to OET JOS 19:32–39 section.
Jump to OET JOS 19:40–48 section.
Conclusion, 19:49-51
Jump to OET JOS 19:49–51 section.
The conclusion is symmetric with the beginning (Jos 14:1-14) in that Joshua also received a gift. Again, mention is made that all divisions were in the presence of the Lord, witnessed to and executed by the high priest Eleazar and Joshua (19:51; cf. 14:1).
Jump to OET JOS 19:51 section.
Jump to OET JOS 14:1 section.
Cities of Refuge and the Levitical Cities, 20:1–21:45 OET JOS 20:1–9 · OET JOS 21:1–45
According to the instructions of Moses, six Levitical cities were set apart, three on each side of the Jordan, as cities of refuge (Nm 35:9-34; Dt 4:41-43; 19:1-10). The purpose was to provide “refuge” (asylum) for those who were guilty of manslaughter but had not intentionally killed someone. This practice was not to provide a way out for someone who was guilty, but to allow for the legal process to be completed (Jos 20).
Jump to OET DEU 4:41–43 section.
Jump to OET DEU 19:1–10 section.
Jump to OET JOS 20:1–9 section.
The Levites received by clan a total of 48 cities, six of which also served as cities of refuge (21:1-42). The Levites could not cultivate the soil because they were dependent on the tithes of the people (Nm 18:21-24), but they were permitted to have land for grazing. The dimensions of the land are given in Numbers 35:4-5. A special allocation is made to the descendants of Aaron (Jos 21:9-19), because they served as priests and their 13 cities were in the Judah-Simeon region, in proximity to the Jerusalem temple of the Solomonic era.
Jump to OET NUM 18:21–24 section.
Jump to OET NUM 35:4–5 section.
Jump to OET JOS 21:9–19 section.
With the allocation of the Levitical cities, the division of the land is concluded. The promise of the land is fulfilled (21:43-45). God is faithful! This section emphasizes the fulfillment, the power, and the grace of God, by which Israel entered into its rest. However, the book of Joshua also hints of the struggle that is still ahead of the Israelites and of the test that ultimately they will fail (cf. Ps 95:11; Heb 3:7-11).
Jump to OET JOS 21:43–45 section.
Jump to OET PSA 95:11 section.
Jump to OET HEB 3:7–11 section.
Return of the Transjordan Tribes, 22:1-34
Joshua dismissed the two and a half tribes with a commendation for their loyalty to the other tribes and to the Lord (Jos 22:1-4), with a warning not to succumb to idolatry but to love the Lord in accordance with the Deuteronomic law, and with a blessing (vv 5-8). However, as they returned they set up a large altar by the Jordan on the western side. The other tribes heard about it and met at Shiloh (v 12). They wisely commissioned Phinehas, the son of the high priest, with ten representatives of the tribes, to investigate the matter. The commission charged the Transjordan tribes with treachery (Jos 22:15-20; cf. Nm 25; Jos 7).
Jump to OET JOS 22:1–4 section.
Jump to OET JOS 22:5–8 section.
Jump to OET JOS 22:12 section.
Jump to OET JOS 22:15–20 section.
The response of the Transjordan tribes demonstrated their concern for the unity of the tribes and for the worship of God. These tribes feared being excluded from the fellowship of God’s people and had purposefully constructed an altar, identical to that prescribed in the law, in order to demonstrate their common heritage (Jos 22:21-30). The altar was not for sacrifice or worship but functioned as a symbol of the covenantal unity of the people of God.
Jump to OET JOS 22:21–30 section.
Phinehas and the tribal representatives were pleased with the response and left with the assurance of God’s presence (22:30-31). Their report to the tribes led to reconciliation of all the tribes on this matter. The narrative concludes with a mention of the name given to the altar: “A witness between us and them that the Lord is our God, too” (v 34, NLT).
Jump to OET JOS 22:30–31 section.
Jump to OET JOS 22:34 section.
Epilogue: The Land Is a Sacred Trust, 23:1–24:33 OET JOS 23:1–16 · OET JOS 24:1–33
The last two chapters contain Joshua’s farewell speeches to all the leaders and to all Israel.
Address to the Leaders, 23:1-16
Joshua reviews what the Lord has done for Israel in giving the land to the tribes. He has demonstrated his loyalty. And he will continue to be with his people so that no enemy can stand against them. He will fulfill every outstanding promise, even as he had already fulfilled promises. However, they must persevere in their loyalty to the Lord. Loyalty to the Lord is not apart from loyalty to the law of Moses. Apostasy will be severely punished, first by leaving the nations to ensnare Israel, and then by consuming them in his wrath.
Address to Israel, 24:1-28
The address ends with a covenant renewal at Shechem (Jos 24:1, 25-28 OET JOS 24:1 · OET JOS 24:25–28; cf. 8:30-35). In the ancient Near East it was common when making a treaty (covenant) to give a brief historical summary of the relationship of the parties involved. Joshua reviewed Israel’s history from the patriarchs to their generation: patriarchs (24:2-4), exodus (vv 5-7), and conquest (vv 8-13).
Jump to OET JOS 24:1 section. · OET JOS 24:25–28 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:2–4 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:5–7 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:8–13 section.
The goodness, presence, and loyalty of Yahweh was evident to them. Yahweh also expected “faithfulness” from his people in the form of whole allegiance, without any form of idolatry (Jos 24:14-15). As the head of his family, Joshua vowed to be loyal (v 15). The people responded by giving reasons for being loyal to the Lord (vv 16-18). But Joshua pushed them to a deeper commitment by challenging their profession (vv 19-20), then recording their vow and setting up a stone of witness against them (vv 25-27).
Jump to OET JOS 24:14–15 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:15 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:16–18 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:19–20 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:25–27 section.
End of an Era, 24:29-33
The book began with a reference to the death of Moses (1:1-2) and concludes with the death and burial of Joshua (24:29-30) and of Eleazar the high priest (v 33). This marks the end of an era. The burial of Joseph’s bones (Jos 24:32; cf. Gn 50:25; Ex 13:19) in a plot purchased by Jacob (Gn 33:19) brings together the hope characteristic of the epoch of Moses and Joshua.
Jump to OET JOS 1:1–2 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:29–30 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:33 section.
Jump to OET JOS 24:32 section.
Jump to OET GEN 50:25 section.
Jump to OET EXO 13:19 section.
Jump to OET GEN 33:19 section.
See also Cities of Refuge; Conquest and Allotment of the Land; Israel, History of; Joshua (Person) #1; Levitical Cities.
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