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Rev 18 V1 V2 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 V11 V12 V13 V14 V15 V16 V17 V18 V19 V20 V21 V22 V23 V24

OET interlinear REV 18:3

◄ ← REV 18:3 ↓ → ► ║ ©

SR Greek word order (including unused variant words in grey)

    1. Greek word
    2. Greek lemma
    3. OET-LV words
    4. OET-RV words
    5. Strongs
    6. Role/Morphology
    7. OET Gloss
    8. VLT Gloss
    9. CAPS codes
    10. Confidence
    11. OET tags
    12. OET word #
    1. Ὅτι
    2. hoti
    3. Because
    4. -
    5. 37540
    6. C·······
    7. because
    8. because
    9. S
    10. Y96
    11. 164112
    1. ἐκ
    2. ek
    3. of
    4. -
    5. 15370
    6. P·······
    7. of
    8. of
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164113
    1. τοῦ
    2. ho
    3. the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GMS
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164114
    1. οἴνου
    2. oinos
    3. wine
    4. -
    5. 36310
    6. N····GMS
    7. wine
    8. wine
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164115
    1. τῆς
    2. ho
    3. -
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GFS
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. -
    11. 164116
    1. πορνείας
    2. porneia
    3. -
    4. -
    5. 42020
    6. N····GFS
    7. sexual_immorality
    8. sexual_immorality
    9. -
    10. -
    11. 164117
    1. τοῦ
    2. ho
    3. of the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GMS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164118
    1. θυμοῦ
    2. thumos
    3. rage
    4. -
    5. 23720
    6. N····GMS
    7. rage
    8. rage
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164119
    1. τῆς
    2. ho
    3. of the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GFS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164120
    1. πορνείας
    2. porneia
    3. sexual immorality
    4. -
    5. 42020
    6. N····GFS
    7. sexual_immorality
    8. sexual_immorality
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164121
    1. αὐτῆς
    2. autos
    3. of her
    4. -
    5. 8460
    6. R···3GFS
    7. ˱of˲ her
    8. ˱of˲ her
    9. -
    10. Y96; R164086; Location=Babylon
    11. 164122
    1. πέπτωκαν
    2. piptō
    3. have fallen
    4. -
    5. 40980
    6. VIEA3··P
    7. ˓have˒ fallen
    8. ˓have˒ fallen
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164123
    1. πέπωκαν
    2. pinō
    3. -
    4. -
    5. 40950
    6. VIEA3··P
    7. ˓have˒ drunk
    8. ˓have˒ drunk
    9. -
    10. -
    11. 164124
    1. πέπωκε
    2. pinō
    3. -
    4. -
    5. 40950
    6. VIEA3··S
    7. ˓has˒ drunk
    8. ˓has˒ drunk
    9. -
    10. -
    11. 164125
    1. παντᾶ
    2. pas
    3. all
    4. -
    5. 39560
    6. E····NNP
    7. all
    8. all
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164126
    1. τά
    2. ho
    3. the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····NNP
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164127
    1. ἔθνη
    2. ethnos
    3. nations
    4. nations
    5. 14840
    6. N····NNP
    7. nations
    8. nations
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164128
    1. καί
    2. kai
    3. and
    4. -
    5. 25320
    6. C·······
    7. and
    8. and
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164129
    1. οἱ
    2. ho
    3. the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····NMP
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164130
    1. βασιλεῖς
    2. basileus
    3. kings
    4. kings
    5. 9350
    6. N····NMP
    7. kings
    8. kings
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164131
    1. τῆς
    2. ho
    3. of the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GFS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164132
    1. γῆς
    2. gē
    3. earth
    4. -
    5. 10930
    6. N····GFS
    7. earth
    8. earth
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164133
    1. μετʼ
    2. meta
    3. with
    4. -
    5. 33260
    6. P·······
    7. with
    8. with
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164134
    1. αὐτῆς
    2. autos
    3. her
    4. -
    5. 8460
    6. R···3GFS
    7. her
    8. her
    9. -
    10. Y96; R164086; Location=Babylon
    11. 164135
    1. ἐπόρνευσαν
    2. porneuō
    3. committed sexual immorality
    4. committed
    5. 42030
    6. VIAA3··P
    7. committed_sexual_immorality
    8. committed_sexual_immorality
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164136
    1. καί
    2. kai
    3. and
    4. -
    5. 25320
    6. C·······
    7. and
    8. and
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164137
    1. οἱ
    2. ho
    3. the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····NMP
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164138
    1. ἔμποροι
    2. emporos
    3. merchants
    4. merchants
    5. 17130
    6. N····NMP
    7. merchants
    8. merchants
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164139
    1. τῆς
    2. ho
    3. of the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GFS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164140
    1. γῆς
    2. gē
    3. earth
    4. -
    5. 10930
    6. N····GFS
    7. earth
    8. earth
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164141
    1. μετά
    2. meta
    3. -
    4. -
    5. 33260
    6. P·······
    7. with
    8. with
    9. -
    10. -
    11. 164142
    1. αὐτῆς
    2. autos
    3. -
    4. -
    5. 8460
    6. R···3GFS
    7. ˱of˲ her
    8. ˱of˲ her
    9. -
    10. R164086; Location=Babylon
    11. 164143
    1. τῆς
    2. ho
    3. -
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GFS
    7. her
    8. her
    9. -
    10. -
    11. 164144
    1. ἐπόρνευσαν
    2. porneuō
    3. -
    4. -
    5. 42030
    6. VIAA3··P
    7. committed_sexual_immorality
    8. committed_sexual_immorality
    9. -
    10. -
    11. 164145
    1. ἐκ
    2. ek
    3. by
    4. -
    5. 15370
    6. P·······
    7. by
    8. by
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164146
    1. τῆς
    2. ho
    3. the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GFS
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164147
    1. δυνάμεως
    2. dunamis
    3. power
    4. power
    5. 14110
    6. N····GFS
    7. power
    8. power
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164148
    1. τοῦ
    2. ho
    3. of the
    4. -
    5. 35880
    6. E····GNS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164149
    1. στρήνους
    2. strēnos
    3. sensuality
    4. -
    5. 47640
    6. N····GNS
    7. sensuality
    8. sensuality
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164150
    1. αὐτῆς
    2. autos
    3. of her
    4. -
    5. 8460
    6. R···3GFS
    7. ˱of˲ her
    8. ˱of˲ her
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164151
    1. ἐπλούτησαν
    2. plouteō
    3. became rich
    4. wealthy
    5. 41470
    6. VIAA3··P
    7. became_rich
    8. became_rich
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164152

OET (OET-LV) Because of the wine of_the rage of_the sexual_immorality of_her, have_fallen all the nations, and the kings of_the earth with her committed_sexual_immorality, and the merchants of_the earth by the power of_the sensuality of_her became_rich.

OET (OET-RV) All the nations have participated in her immoral passions, and the kings of the earth have committed sexual immorality with her, and the merchants of the earth have become wealthy from the power of her luxury.”

SIL Open Translator’s Notes:

Section 18:1–24: Announcements/Messages about Babylon

In this section, three heavenly beings each announce something about Babylon. The first announcement is that the city is destroyed. Her riches and prosperity have been taken away.

The second announcement is that God’s people should leave Babylon before God destroys her. It also describes how kings and others mourn over the destroyed city.

The third announcement is that Babylon will never be built again.

Other examples of headings for this section are:

An angel announced that Babylon was destroyed, and some groups are sad

Announcements about the destruction of Babylon

Various people talk about Babylon

18:3a

All the nations have drunk the wine of the passion of her immorality.

The Greek of 18:3a begins with a conjunction that is often translated as “because” or “for.” For example:

For (NIV)

This conjunction introduces the reason for Babylon being in ruins and being a home for demons and unclean birds and animals (18:2). Some English versions, like the BSB, omit this conjunction and leave the connection with 18:2 implicit.

All the nations have drunk the wine of the passion of her immorality: This clause has an interpretation issue and also several metaphors. See how you translated the similar clause (“who has made all the nations drink the wine of the passion of her immorality”) in 14:8.

Here the clause indicates that the nations have already drunk the wine of Babylon’s adulteries. For example:

all nations have drunk the wine of her passionate unfaithfulness (JBP)

18:3b

The kings of the earth were immoral with her,

The kings of the earth were immoral with her: This metaphor refers to the shameful deeds and greed of these kings together with the people or leaders of this city. See how you translated this clause in 17:2.

18:3c

and the merchants of the earth have grown wealthy from the extravagance of her luxury.”

the merchants of the earth have grown wealthy from the extravagance of her luxury: There are two ways to interpret the Greek word that the BSB translates as luxury:

  1. It refers to expensive things that please the senses. For example:

    the merchants of the earth have grown rich from the power of her luxurious living (ESV) (BSB, NIV, NJB, NRSV, NASB, NABRE, NLT, GW, REB, NCV, ESV, KJV)

  2. It refers to great desire for sexual intercourse. For example:

    the merchants of the world grew rich from her unrestrained lust (GNT) (RSV, GNT, NET)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1), because it is the usual meaning of the Greek word.Beale (page 895) translates this clause as “the merchants became rich because of the power of her luxury.” Aune (page 988) also supports interpretation (1). See the note below for further explanation of the Greek word that the BSB translates as luxury.

merchants: This word refers to those who buy, sell, and trade to make money. These merchants sold things to the people in Babylon.

have grown wealthy: This phrase refers to someone gaining lots of money. For example:

have become rich (NASB)

the extravagance of her luxury: The Greek phrase is literally “the power/capability of her luxuries.” The phrase probably refers to Babylon’s vast desire for and ability to buy luxuries. Other ways to translate this phrase are:

her ability to buy excessive luxuries

she was able to buy many expensive things

her desires for extravagant luxury (NLT)

luxury: The Greek word that the BSB translates as luxury refers to things that satisfy sensual desires. This would include things like perfume, expensive clothing, jewelry, and fancy foods. Other ways to translate this word are:

sensuality

expensive tastes

desire for sensual/fancy things

General Comment on 18:3c

This clause indicates that Babylon’s greed for luxury goods caused the merchants to become rich. In some languages it is necessary or more natural to put the cause first. For example:

Her luxurious wealth has made the merchants of the earth rich (GW)

Because of her desires for extravagant luxury, the merchants of the world have grown rich. (NLT)

uW Translation Notes:

Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς, πέπτωκαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη

of the wine ˱of˲_the rage ˱of˲_the sexual_immorality ˱of˲_her ˓have˒_fallen by (Some words not found in SR-GNT: Ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς πέπτωκαν παντᾶ τά ἔθνη καί οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς μετʼ αὐτῆς ἐπόρνευσαν καί οἱ ἔμποροι τῆς γῆς ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ στρήνους αὐτῆς ἐπλούτησαν)

See how you translated the similar expression in [17:2](../17/02.md). Here, as there, this statement is not intended literally even within the world of this vision. Alternate translation: [all the nations have indulged in idolatry and greed with her]

Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / hyperbole

πάντα τὰ ἔθνη

(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς πέπτωκαν παντᾶ τά ἔθνη καί οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς μετʼ αὐτῆς ἐπόρνευσαν καί οἱ ἔμποροι τῆς γῆς ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ στρήνους αὐτῆς ἐπλούτησαν)

The angel says all here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: [nations throughout the world]

Note 3 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς μετ’ αὐτῆς ἐπόρνευσαν

the kings ˱of˲_the earth with her committed_sexual_immorality

See how you translated the similar expression in [17:2](../17/02.md). This statement too is not intended literally. Alternate translation: Alternate translation: [the kings of the earth have joined her in being idolatrous and greedy]

OET-LV English word order (‘Reverse’ interlinear)

    1. OET-LV words
    2. OET-RV words
    3. Strongs
    4. Greek word
    5. Greek lemma
    6. Role/Morphology
    7. OET Gloss
    8. VLT Gloss
    9. CAPS codes
    10. Confidence
    11. OET tags
    12. OET word #
    1. Because
    2. -
    3. 37540
    4. S
    5. hoti
    6. C-·······
    7. because
    8. because
    9. S
    10. Y96
    11. 164112
    1. of
    2. -
    3. 15370
    5. ek
    6. P-·······
    7. of
    8. of
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164113
    1. the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····GMS
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164114
    1. wine
    2. -
    3. 36310
    5. oinos
    6. N-····GMS
    7. wine
    8. wine
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164115
    1. of the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····GMS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164118
    1. rage
    2. -
    3. 23720
    5. thumos
    6. N-····GMS
    7. rage
    8. rage
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164119
    1. of the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····GFS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164120
    1. sexual immorality
    2. -
    3. 42020
    5. porneia
    6. N-····GFS
    7. sexual_immorality
    8. sexual_immorality
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164121
    1. of her
    2. -
    3. 8460
    5. autos
    6. R-···3GFS
    7. ˱of˲ her
    8. ˱of˲ her
    9. -
    10. Y96; R164086; Location=Babylon
    11. 164122
    1. have fallen
    2. -
    3. 40980
    5. piptō
    6. V-IEA3··P
    7. ˓have˒ fallen
    8. ˓have˒ fallen
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164123
    1. all
    2. -
    3. 39560
    5. pas
    6. E-····NNP
    7. all
    8. all
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164126
    1. the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····NNP
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164127
    1. nations
    2. nations
    3. 14840
    5. ethnos
    6. N-····NNP
    7. nations
    8. nations
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164128
    1. and
    2. -
    3. 25320
    5. kai
    6. C-·······
    7. and
    8. and
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164129
    1. the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····NMP
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164130
    1. kings
    2. kings
    3. 9350
    5. basileus
    6. N-····NMP
    7. kings
    8. kings
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164131
    1. of the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····GFS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164132
    1. earth
    2. -
    3. 10930
    5. gē
    6. N-····GFS
    7. earth
    8. earth
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164133
    1. with
    2. -
    3. 33260
    5. meta
    6. P-·······
    7. with
    8. with
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164134
    1. her
    2. -
    3. 8460
    5. autos
    6. R-···3GFS
    7. her
    8. her
    9. -
    10. Y96; R164086; Location=Babylon
    11. 164135
    1. committed sexual immorality
    2. committed
    3. 42030
    5. porneuō
    6. V-IAA3··P
    7. committed_sexual_immorality
    8. committed_sexual_immorality
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164136
    1. and
    2. -
    3. 25320
    5. kai
    6. C-·······
    7. and
    8. and
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164137
    1. the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····NMP
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164138
    1. merchants
    2. merchants
    3. 17130
    5. emporos
    6. N-····NMP
    7. merchants
    8. merchants
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164139
    1. of the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····GFS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164140
    1. earth
    2. -
    3. 10930
    5. gē
    6. N-····GFS
    7. earth
    8. earth
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164141
    1. by
    2. -
    3. 15370
    5. ek
    6. P-·······
    7. by
    8. by
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164146
    1. the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····GFS
    7. the
    8. the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164147
    1. power
    2. power
    3. 14110
    5. dunamis
    6. N-····GFS
    7. power
    8. power
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164148
    1. of the
    2. -
    3. 35880
    5. ho
    6. E-····GNS
    7. ˱of˲ the
    8. ˱of˲ the
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164149
    1. sensuality
    2. -
    3. 47640
    5. strēnos
    6. N-····GNS
    7. sensuality
    8. sensuality
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164150
    1. of her
    2. -
    3. 8460
    5. autos
    6. R-···3GFS
    7. ˱of˲ her
    8. ˱of˲ her
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164151
    1. became rich
    2. wealthy
    3. 41470
    5. plouteō
    6. V-IAA3··P
    7. became_rich
    8. became_rich
    9. -
    10. Y96
    11. 164152

OET (OET-LV) Because of the wine of_the rage of_the sexual_immorality of_her, have_fallen all the nations, and the kings of_the earth with her committed_sexual_immorality, and the merchants of_the earth by the power of_the sensuality of_her became_rich.

OET (OET-RV) All the nations have participated in her immoral passions, and the kings of the earth have committed sexual immorality with her, and the merchants of the earth have become wealthy from the power of her luxury.”

Note: The OET-RV is still only a first draft, and so far only a few words have been (mostly automatically) matched to the Hebrew or Greek words that they’re translated from.

Acknowledgements: The SR Greek text, lemmas, morphology, and VLT gloss are all thanks to the CNTR.

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