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OET (OET-LV) And the nations were_angered, and came the severe_anger of_you, and the time for_the dead to_be_judged, and to_give the reward to_the slaves of_you, the prophets, and to_the holy ones, and to_the ones fearing the name of_you, the small and the great, and to_ruin the ones ruining the earth.
OET (OET-RV) The nations were enraged,
⇔ but your anger has arrived.
⇔ It’s the time to judge the dead
⇔ and to give a reward to your slaves, the prophets,
⇔ and to those who obey you and those who respect you,
⇔ both the lowly ones and the powerful,
⇔ and to destroy those who are destroying the earth.”
In this section, the seventh angel blew his trumpet. Then voices in heaven announced that God and Jesus now rule over the whole world. The voices also announced that God would soon judge all people. He would reward believers but punish those destroying the earth. John also saw God’s temple in heaven opened and the ark of the covenant inside it.
Other examples of headings for this section are:
The seventh angel and his trumpet
The seventh trumpet sounded/blew
The nations were enraged, and Your wrath has come: There is some contrast between these two clauses. The people were angry, but God was also angry. God made their anger ineffective. In some languages it is more natural to indicate this contrast. For example:
The nations were filled with wrath, but now the time of your wrath has come (NLT)
were enraged…wrath: The phrase were enraged and the word wrath both refer to strong anger. The people of the nations were very angry with God, and he became very angry with them. For example:
The nations were filled with wrath, but now the time of your wrath has come (NLT)
The nations were enraged,
The nations against you were angry,
The people of the world were filled with anger,
nations: Here the word nations refers to people who do not believe in God. For example:
people of the world (NCV)
and Your wrath has come.
but the day of your anger has come,
but now is the time when you act in anger against them.
Your wrath has come: This clause indicates that God has begun to act against the nations because of his anger. He will punish them. Other ways to translate this clause are:
the time for your anger has come (GNT)
you now act in anger against them
The time has come to judge the dead
and the time has come to judge the dead,
Now is the time when you will judge the people who have died,
The time has come to judge the dead: The Greek words are literally “and the time to judge the dead.” For example:
and the time for the dead to be judged (RSV)
The BSB begins a new sentence at 11:18c and repeats the phrase has come. The BSB does that to make this verse easier to read. In some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here.
The time has come: This clause applies to all three phrases in 11:18 that begin with “to” (11:18c, 11:18d–f, 11:18g).
time: Here this word probably refers to a general time period rather than an exact time. But it is also possible that the elders are saying this just before God judges all people (20:11–15). Use a word or phrase that allows for either interpretation.
judge: This word means “decide whether a person is guilty or not.”
the dead: This phrase refers to people who have died.
Your servants the prophets, as well as the saints: There are several ways to interpret the relationship between the phrase Your servants and the rest of these words. The main interpretations are:
The word servants refers only to the prophets. For example:
your servants, the prophets, and all your people, (GNT) (BSB, GNT, NIV, NJB, NABRE, NLT, CEV, NET, REB, NCV, KJV)
The word servants refers to all of the following groups. For example:
your servants, the prophets and saints, (ESV) (RSV, NASB, ESV)
It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1).Aune (page 632), Swete (page 143), and Lenski (page 356) support interpretation (1).
and to reward Your servants the prophets,
and the time has come to reward your servants, the prophets,
and now is the time when you will reward those who serve you, namely your prophets,
reward: This word refers to doing good to someone because of the good deed he has done. Another way to translate this word is:
give rewards
Your servants the prophets: This phrase indicates that the prophets were God’s servants. Other ways to translate this phrase are:
the prophets who served you
your servants, namely, the prophets
A similar phrase, “His servants the prophets,” occurs in 10:7. See how you translated the phrase there.
as well as the saints and those who fear Your name,
and also those who believe in you, namely all those who fear/honor your name,
as well as all those you have made holy. They are the ones who respect and honor you,
the saints and those who fear Your name: There are two ways to interpret the relationship between the phrase those who fear Your name and the previous groups:
The phrase those who fear Your name describes all the previous groups. For example:
all your people, all who have reverence for you, (GNT) (GNT, CEV, NCV)
The phrase those who fear Your name refers to a group separate from all the previous groups. For example:
for the saints and for those who fear your name, (NJB) (BSB, RSV, NIV, NJB, NASB, NABRE, NLT, GW, NET, REB, ESV, KJV)
It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). It is more likely that the phrase those who fear Your name describes all followers.Beale (page 616), Lenski (pages 356–357), Osbourne (pages 446–447), and others support interpretation (1). Aune (page 645) and Swete (page 144) say that the two groups are Jewish and Gentile Christians, based on similar phrases in Acts 13. But Beale, Lenski, and Osbourne say that a connection to Acts 13 is inappropriate here.
saints: The Greek word that the BSB translates as saints means “holy ones.” Here the word refers to all believers. For example:
your people (GNT)
See how you translated this word in 5:8 or 8:3.
those who fear Your name: The Greek word that the BSB translates as fear is often translated “reverence.” Here the Greek word means “respect” or “revere.” People who fear God think about him humbly, with awe. They worship and obey him. Other ways to translate this phrase are:
all who respect you (NCV)
people who honor your name (CEV)
those who reverence your name (NIV)
both small and great—
both humble and important,
those of both low and high status.
both small and great: This phrase refers to believers of low status in society and believers of high status in society. It implies believers of all classes and position in society. The phrase does not refer to physical size.
In some languages it is more natural to have the high status first. Other ways to translate this phrase are:
both of high and lowly position/place
whether they are important people or not
both humble and great
and to destroy those who destroy the earth.”
and the time has come to destroy/ruin the people who destroy/ruin the earth.”
Now is also the time when you will destroy/ruin those who destroy/ruin the world/land.”
those who destroy the earth: This phrase refers to all people who harm the earth or any part of it.Some scholars (i.e. Aune, Beale, Kistemaker) think that “earth” refers to the people of the earth. But all English versions on TW and the NJB translate the Greek word only as “earth.” Johnson, Hughes, and Mounce think it only means “earth” here. God will destroy them because they destroyed his creation. Other ways to translate this phrase are:
those who ruin the earth
This phrase could also refer to Satan and demons. So your translation should allow for that possible meaning as well.
Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / activepassive
τὰ ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν
(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Καί τά ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν καί ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σοῦ καί ὁ καιρός τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι καί δοῦναι τόν μισθόν τοῖς δούλοις σοῦ τοῖς προφήταις καί τοῖς ἁγίοις καί τοῖς φοβουμένοις τό ὄνομα σοῦ τούς μικρούς καί τούς μεγάλους καί διαφθεῖραι τούς διαφθείροντας τήν γῆν)
If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: [the nations were furious]
Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / personification
ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου, καὶ ὁ καιρὸς τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι
came the wrath (Some words not found in SR-GNT: Καί τά ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν καί ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σοῦ καί ὁ καιρός τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι καί δοῦναι τόν μισθόν τοῖς δούλοις σοῦ τοῖς προφήταις καί τοῖς ἁγίοις καί τοῖς φοβουμένοις τό ὄνομα σοῦ τούς μικρούς καί τούς μεγάλους καί διαφθεῖραι τούς διαφθείροντας τήν γῆν)
John is speaking of God’s wrath as if it were a living thing that has come to the nations. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: [you are now punishing them and judging the dead]
Note 3 topic: figures-of-speech / ellipsis
ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου, καὶ ὁ καιρὸς
came the wrath (Some words not found in SR-GNT: Καί τά ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν καί ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σοῦ καί ὁ καιρός τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι καί δοῦναι τόν μισθόν τοῖς δούλοις σοῦ τοῖς προφήταις καί τοῖς ἁγίοις καί τοῖς φοβουμένοις τό ὄνομα σοῦ τούς μικρούς καί τούς μεγάλους καί διαφθεῖραι τούς διαφθείροντας τήν γῆν)
John is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: [your wrath has come and the time has come]
Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / activepassive
τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι
˱for˲_the dead ˓to_be˒_judged
If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: [for you to judge the dead]
Note 5 topic: figures-of-speech / nominaladj
τῶν νεκρῶν
˱for˲_the dead
John is using the adjective dead as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: [people who have died]
Note 6 topic: figures-of-speech / metonymy
τοῖς φοβουμένοις τὸ ὄνομά σου
˱to˲_the the ˱to˲_the ˱to˲_the_‹ones› fearing (Some words not found in SR-GNT: Καί τά ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν καί ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σοῦ καί ὁ καιρός τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι καί δοῦναι τόν μισθόν τοῖς δούλοις σοῦ τοῖς προφήταις καί τοῖς ἁγίοις καί τοῖς φοβουμένοις τό ὄνομα σοῦ τούς μικρούς καί τούς μεγάλους καί διαφθεῖραι τούς διαφθείροντας τήν γῆν)
Here, name represents a person by association with the way that each person has a name. Alternate translation: [the ones fearing you]
Note 7 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor
τοὺς μικροὺς καὶ τοὺς μεγάλους
(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Καί τά ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν καί ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σοῦ καί ὁ καιρός τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι καί δοῦναι τόν μισθόν τοῖς δούλοις σοῦ τοῖς προφήταις καί τοῖς ἁγίοις καί τοῖς φοβουμένοις τό ὄνομα σοῦ τούς μικρούς καί τούς μεγάλους καί διαφθεῖραι τούς διαφθείροντας τήν γῆν)
The elders are speaking as if unimportant people were literally small and as if important people were literally large or great. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: [the unimportant and the important]
Note 8 topic: figures-of-speech / nominaladj
τοὺς μικροὺς καὶ τοὺς μεγάλους
(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Καί τά ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν καί ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σοῦ καί ὁ καιρός τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι καί δοῦναι τόν μισθόν τοῖς δούλοις σοῦ τοῖς προφήταις καί τοῖς ἁγίοις καί τοῖς φοβουμένοις τό ὄνομα σοῦ τούς μικρούς καί τούς μεγάλους καί διαφθεῖραι τούς διαφθείροντας τήν γῆν)
The elders are using the adjectives small and great as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: [both unimportant people and important people]
Note 9 topic: figures-of-speech / merism
τοὺς μικροὺς καὶ τοὺς μεγάλους
(Some words not found in SR-GNT: Καί τά ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν καί ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σοῦ καί ὁ καιρός τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι καί δοῦναι τόν μισθόν τοῖς δούλοις σοῦ τοῖς προφήταις καί τοῖς ἁγίοις καί τοῖς φοβουμένοις τό ὄνομα σοῦ τούς μικρούς καί τούς μεγάλους καί διαφθεῖραι τούς διαφθείροντας τήν γῆν)
The elders are using two extremes of people, small and great, to mean them and everyone in between. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: [whatever their status]
OET (OET-LV) And the nations were_angered, and came the severe_anger of_you, and the time for_the dead to_be_judged, and to_give the reward to_the slaves of_you, the prophets, and to_the holy ones, and to_the ones fearing the name of_you, the small and the great, and to_ruin the ones ruining the earth.
OET (OET-RV) The nations were enraged,
⇔ but your anger has arrived.
⇔ It’s the time to judge the dead
⇔ and to give a reward to your slaves, the prophets,
⇔ and to those who obey you and those who respect you,
⇔ both the lowly ones and the powerful,
⇔ and to destroy those who are destroying the earth.”
Note: The OET-RV is still only a first draft, and so far only a few words have been (mostly automatically) matched to the Hebrew or Greek words that they’re translated from.
Acknowledgements: The SR Greek text, lemmas, morphology, and VLT gloss are all thanks to the CNTR.
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