ROM 1:23 Interlinear View

1. Greek word
2. Greek lemma
3. OET-LV words
4. OET-RV words
5. Strongs
6. Role/Morphology
7. OET Gloss
8. VLT Gloss
9. CAPS codes
10. Confidence
11. OET tags
12. OET word #
1. καί
2. kai
3. and
4. -
5. 25320
6. C·······
7. and
8. and
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105489
1. ἤλλαξαν
2. allassō
3. they changed
4. they changed
5. 2360
6. VIAA3··P
7. ˱they˲ changed
8. ˱they˲ changed
9. -
10. Y60; R105418
11. 105490
1. τήν
2. ho
3. the
4. -
5. 35880
6. E····AFS
7. the
8. the
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105491
1. δόξαν
2. doxa
3. glory
4. -
5. 13910
6. N····AFS
7. glory
8. glory
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105492
1. τοῦ
2. ho
3. of the
4. -
5. 35880
6. E····GMS
7. ˱of˲ the
8. ˱of˲ the
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105493
1. ἀφθάρτου
2. afthartos
3. indestructible
4. -
5. 8620
6. A····GMS
7. indestructible
8. indestructible
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105494
1. Θεοῦ
2. theos
3. god
4. God
5. 23160
6. N····GMS
7. god
8. God
9. GN
10. Y60; Person=God
11. 105495
1. ἐν
2. en
3. into
4. -
5. 17220
6. P·······
7. into
8. into
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105496
1. ὁμοιώματι
2. homoiōma
3. +a likeness
4. likeness
5. 36670
6. N····DNS
7. ˓a˒ likeness
8. ˓a˒ likeness
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105497
1. εἰκόνος
2. eikōn
3. of +an image
4. image
5. 15040
6. N····GFS
7. ˱of˲ ˓an˒ image
8. ˱of˲ ˓an˒ image
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105498
1. φθαρτοῦ
2. fthartos
3. of +a mortal
4. mortal
5. 53490
6. A····GMS
7. ˱of˲ ˓a˒ mortal
8. ˱of˲ ˓a˒ mortal
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105499
1. ἀνθρώπου
2. anthrōpos
3. human
4. human
5. 4440
6. N····GMS
7. human
8. human
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105500
1. καί
2. kai
3. and
4. -
5. 25320
6. C·······
7. and
8. and
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105501
1. πετεινῶν
2. peteinon
3. birds
4. birds
5. 40710
6. N····GNP
7. birds
8. birds
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105502
1. καί
2. kai
3. and
4. -
5. 25320
6. C·······
7. and
8. and
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105503
1. τετραπόδων
2. tetrapous
3. quadrupeds
4. -
5. 50740
6. S····GNP
7. quadrupeds
8. quadrupeds
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105504
1. καί
2. kai
3. and
4. -
5. 25320
6. C·······
7. and
8. and
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105505
1. ἑρπετῶν
2. herpeton
3. reptiles
4. reptiles
5. 20620
6. N····GNP
7. reptiles
8. reptiles
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105506

SIL Open Translator’s Notes:

Section 1:18–32: God is angry with people because they sin

In this section, Paul said that it is clear that God is angry about the bad things that people do. God has shown all people who he is, but they have rejected him. So they became fools and worshiped things instead of God. And so God put them under the control of sinful desires even more.

Here are other possible headings for this section:

The reason why God is angry with people

God’s Wrath on Unrighteousness (ESV)

People do what is not right in God’s sight and so God is angry

1:23a

and exchanged the glory of the immortal God

and changed from honoring the great/high, imperishable God
They also have stopped worshiping the God of majesty/splendor, whom no one will ever ruin.

exchanged the glory of the immortal God: The word exchanged refers to replacing something with something else. Here it indicates that people stopped honoring God and instead honored idols shaped like a man, bird, animal, or creeping thing. Here are other ways to translate this clause:

changed from honoring the glorious/great and immortal God

They traded the glory of God who lives forever (NCV)

they abandoned…God who has far-from-ordinary glory/praiseworthiness and who is alive without endingTagbanwa Back Translation on TW.

glory: The word glory refers literally to a very bright light. In this context it implies power, majesty, and greatness. Here are other ways to translate this word:

majesty

greatness

immortal: The Greek word that the BSB translates as immortal means “not able to become bad or ruined or dead.” God lives forever and he will not become sick or die. Here are other ways to translate this word:

incorruptible (NASB)

eternal (CEV)

imperishable

not able to be ruined/destroyed

1:23b

for images of mortal man

to honoring the likeness of perishable people,
Instead they worship idols that look like people, whom others can quite easily ruin,

images: This word refers to an object that someone makes to look like something else. Here it refers to idols that represent the false gods that people worship. For example:

idols (NLT)

of: Here this word refers to looking like something or someone else. These idols looked like a person, a bird, an animal, or a creeping thing. For example:

look like (NIV)

resembling (ESV)

mortal: The Greek word that the BSB translates as mortal means “able to become bad or ruined or dead.” Here are other ways to translate this Greek word:

corruptible

perishable

able to be ruined/destroyed

man: Here the word man refers generally to people.

1:23c

and birds and animals and reptiles.

birds, animals, and reptiles.
and that look like things/creatures that fly, walk on four legs or crawl on their bellies.

birds: This word refers to creatures that have wings and (usually) fly. It does not refer to insects. Some languages do not have a general word for birds. If that is true in your language, you should:

Describe them. For example:
things/creatures that fly
flying creatures/things
Use a specific bird that can represent birds in general.
Use a specific large or strong kind of bird, such as eagles or vultures.

animals: The Greek word is “four-footed creatures.” These are animals that have four legs and walk on the ground, but are not reptiles. Examples are horses, bears, pigs, elephants, and dogs.

reptiles: The Greek word refers to any animal that moves with its stomach close to the ground or on it. It includes snakes, lizards, salamanders, and frogs. Here are other ways to translate this word:

crawling things (NJB)

things that crawl on their bellyNalik Back Translation, in progress.

uW Translation Notes:

Note 1 topic: grammar-connect-words-phrases

καὶ

(Some words not found in SR-GNT: καί ἤλλαξαν τήν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου καί πετεινῶν καί τετραπόδων καί ἑρπετῶν)

Here, and indicates that what follows describes what these ungodly and unrighteous people did after they “became foolish,” as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. You may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: [; then they] or [Then they]

Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

καὶ ἤλλαξαν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καὶ πετεινῶν, καὶ τετραπόδων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν.

Paul uses exchanged to describe the actions of these ungodly people as if they were exchanging goods or money. Paul means that they stopped worshiping God and started worshiping idols that resembled these creatures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. You may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: [then they stopped glorifying the imperishable God in order to worship images things that God created: perishable humans, birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things] or [then they stopped glorifying the imperishable God in order to worship images things that God created: perishable humans, birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things]

Note 3 topic: figures-of-speech / parallelism

τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου

The two phrases the glory of the imperishable God and a likeness of an image of perishable man mean the opposite thing. Paul says the opposite thing with similar phrases to emphasize the contrast between God and man. Use a natural way in your language to express a contrast that uses parallel ideas.

Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / abstractnouns

τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of glory, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: [what glorifies the imperishable God]

Note 5 topic: figures-of-speech / possession

τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ

Paul is using the possessive form to describe the relationship between glory and the imperishable God. This phrase could refer to: (1) the glory that characterizes God. Alternate translation: [the glory that characterizes the imperishable God] (2) the glory that belongs to God. Alternate translation: [the glory that belongs only to the imperishable God]

Note 6 topic: figures-of-speech / possession

ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος

˓a˒_likeness ˱of˲_˓an˒_image

The words translated as likeness and image were used in the Greek translation of the Old Testament to refer to the same thing ([Genesis 1:26](../gen/01/26.md)). Here Paul is using the possessive form to indicate that image is an explanation of likeness. Use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation or elaboration in your language. Alternate translation: [a likeness, that is, an image]

Note 7 topic: figures-of-speech / ellipsis

καὶ πετεινῶν, καὶ τετραπόδων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν

Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: [and likenesses of birds, and likenesses of four-footed animals, and likenesses of creeping things]

Note 8 topic: translate-unknown

τετραπόδων

quadrupeds

The phrase four-footed beasts refers to animals that walk on four feet. Use the most natural form to describe this kind of animal in your language. Alternate translation: [of quadrupeds] or [of four-legged beasts]

OET-LV English word order (‘Reverse’ interlinear)

1. OET-LV words
2. OET-RV words
3. Strongs
4. Greek word
5. Greek lemma
6. Role/Morphology
7. OET Gloss
8. VLT Gloss
9. CAPS codes
10. Confidence
11. OET tags
12. OET word #
1. and
2. -
3. 25320
5. kai
6. C-·······
7. and
8. and
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105489
1. they changed
2. they changed
3. 2360
5. allassō
6. V-IAA3··P
7. ˱they˲ changed
8. ˱they˲ changed
9. -
10. Y60; R105418
11. 105490
1. the
2. -
3. 35880
5. ho
6. E-····AFS
7. the
8. the
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105491
1. glory
2. -
3. 13910
5. doxa
6. N-····AFS
7. glory
8. glory
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105492
1. of the
2. -
3. 35880
5. ho
6. E-····GMS
7. ˱of˲ the
8. ˱of˲ the
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105493
1. indestructible
2. -
3. 8620
5. afthartos
6. A-····GMS
7. indestructible
8. indestructible
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105494
1. god
2. God
3. 23160
4. GN
5. theos
6. N-····GMS
7. god
8. God
9. GN
10. Y60; Person=God
11. 105495
1. into
2. -
3. 17220
5. en
6. P-·······
7. into
8. into
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105496
1. +a likeness
2. likeness
3. 36670
5. homoiōma
6. N-····DNS
7. ˓a˒ likeness
8. ˓a˒ likeness
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105497
1. of +an image
2. image
3. 15040
5. eikōn
6. N-····GFS
7. ˱of˲ ˓an˒ image
8. ˱of˲ ˓an˒ image
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105498
1. of +a mortal
2. mortal
3. 53490
5. fthartos
6. A-····GMS
7. ˱of˲ ˓a˒ mortal
8. ˱of˲ ˓a˒ mortal
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105499
1. human
2. human
3. 4440
5. anthrōpos
6. N-····GMS
7. human
8. human
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105500
1. and
2. -
3. 25320
5. kai
6. C-·······
7. and
8. and
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105501
1. birds
2. birds
3. 40710
5. peteinon
6. N-····GNP
7. birds
8. birds
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105502
1. and
2. -
3. 25320
5. kai
6. C-·······
7. and
8. and
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105503
1. quadrupeds
2. -
3. 50740
5. tetrapous
6. S-····GNP
7. quadrupeds
8. quadrupeds
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105504
1. and
2. -
3. 25320
5. kai
6. C-·······
7. and
8. and
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105505
1. reptiles
2. reptiles
3. 20620
5. herpeton
6. N-····GNP
7. reptiles
8. reptiles
9. -
10. Y60
11. 105506

Note: The OET-RV is still only a first draft, and so far only a few words have been (mostly automatically) matched to the Hebrew or Greek words that they’re translated from.

Acknowledgements: The SR Greek text, lemmas, morphology, and VLT gloss are all thanks to the CNTR.

OET interlinear ROM 1:23

SR Greek word order

Section 1:18–32: God is angry with people because they sin

1:23a

1:23b

1:23c

OET-LV English word order (‘Reverse’ interlinear)