ROM 1:4 Parallel Verse View

Note: This view shows ‘verses’ which are not natural language units and hence sometimes only part of a sentence will be visible—click on any Bible version abbreviation down the left-hand side to see the verse in more of its context. Normally the OET discourages the reading of individual ‘verses’, but this view is only designed as a tool for doing comparisons of different translations—the older translations are further down the page (so you can read up from the bottom to trace the English translation history). The OET segments on this page are still very early looks into the unfinished texts of the Open English Translation of the Bible—please double-check these texts in advance before using in public.

Text critical issues=none Clarity of original=clear Importance to us=normal (All still tentative.)

Key: khaki:verbs, orange:accusative/object, pink:genitive/possessor, cyan:dative/indirect object.
Note: Automatic aligning of the OET-RV to the LV is done by some temporary software, hence the RV alignments are incomplete (and may occasionally be wrong).

ULT the one having been designated the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by the resurrection of dead ones—Jesus Christ our Lord,

UST In accordance with the Holy Spirit, God powerfully demonstrated that Jesus is his Son by causing him to live again after he had died. God’s Son is Jesus the Messiah, who is our Lord.

BLB having been declared the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness, by resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our Lord,

AICNT and was declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

OEB but, as to the spirit of holiness within him, was miraculously designated Son of God by his resurrection from the dead.

WEBBE who was declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

WMBB who was declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Yeshua the Messiah our Lord,

NET who was appointed the Son-of-God-in-power according to the Holy Spirit by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord.

LSV who is marked out [as the] Son of God in power, according to the Spirit of sanctification, by the resurrection from the dead—Jesus Christ our Lord;

FBV but who was revealed as God's Son by his resurrection from the dead through the power of the Holy Spirit. He is Jesus Christ our Lord.

TCNT and who was declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

T4T As to his divine nature, it was shown {God showed} powerfully that he is ◄God’s own Son/the man who is also God►. God showed this by his Holy Spirit causing him to become alive again after he died. He is Jesus Christ our Lord.

LEB who was declared Son of God in power according to _⌊the Holy Spirit_⌋[fn] by the resurrection from the dead of Jesus Christ our Lord,

1:4 Literally “the Spirit of holiness”

BBE But was marked out as Son of God in power by the Holy Spirit through the coming to life again of the dead; Jesus Christ our Lord,

Moff and installed as Son of God with power by the Spirit of holiness when he was raised from the dead — concerning Jesus Christ our Lord,

Wymth but as regards the holiness of His Spirit was decisively proved by His Resurrection to be the Son of God—I mean concerning Jesus Christ our Lord,

ASV who was declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead; even Jesus Christ our Lord,

DRA Who was predestinated the Son of God in power, according to the spirit of sanctification, by the resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead;

YLT who is marked out Son of God in power, according to the Spirit of sanctification, by the rising again from the dead,) Jesus Christ our Lord;

Drby marked out Son of [fn]God in power, according to [the] Spirit of holiness, by resurrection of [the] dead) Jesus Christ our Lord;

1.4 Elohim

RV who was declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection of the dead; even Jesus Christ our Lord,

SLT Determined the Son of God in power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the rising up of the dead of Jesus Christ our Lord:

Wbstr And declared to be the Son of God, with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead:

KJB-1769 And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead:

KJB-1611 And [fn]declared to be the Sonne of God, with power, according to the Spirit of holinesse, by the resurrection from the dead.
(Modernised spelling is same as from KJB-1769 above, apart from capitalisation and punctuation and footnotes)

1:4 Gr. determined.

Bshps And hath ben declared to be the sonne of God, with power after the spirite that sanctifieth, by the resurrectio from the dead, of Iesus Christe our Lorde.
(And hath/has been declared to be the son of God, with power after the spirit that sanctifieth, by the resurrectio from the dead, of Yesus/Yeshua Christ our Lord.)

Gnva And declared mightily to be the Sonne of God, touching the Spirit of sanctification by the resurrection from the dead)
(And declared mightily to be the Son of God, touching the Spirit of sanctification by the resurrection from the dead) )

Cvdl and mightely declared to be the sonne of God after the sprete which sanctifieth, sence the tyme that he rose agayne from the deed, namely, Iesus Christ oure LORDE,
(and mightely declared to be the son of God after the spirit which sanctifieth, since the time that he rose again from the deed, namely, Yesus/Yeshua Christ our LORD,)

TNT and declared to be the sonne of God with power of the holy goost that sanctifieth sence the tyme that Iesus Christ oure Lorde rose agayne from deeth
(and declared to be the son of God with power of the holy ghost that sanctifieth since the time that Yesus/Yeshua Christ our Lord rose again from death )

Wycl and he was bifor ordeyned the sone of God in vertu, bi the spirit of halewyng of the ayenrisyng of deed men, of Jhesu Crist oure Lord,
(and he was before ordained the son of God in virtue, by the spirit of hallowing/consecration of the ayenrising of dead men, of Yhesu Christ our Lord,)

Luth und kräftiglich erweiset ein Sohn Gottes nach dem Geist, der da heiliget, seit der Zeit er auferstanden ist von den Toten, nämlich JEsus Christus, unser HErr
(and kräftiglich erweiset a son God’s after to_him spirit, the/of_the there sanctifies, since the/of_the time/period he risen is from the killing(n), namely Yesus Christ, our LORD)

ClVg qui prædestinatus est Filius Dei in virtute secundum spiritum sanctificationis ex resurrectione mortuorum Jesu Christi Domini nostri:[fn]
(who/which beforedestinatus it_is Son of_God in/into/on by_virtue after/second spirit of_sanctification from resurrection of_the_dead Yesu of_Christ Master our: )

1.4 Qui prædestinatus est. AUG., Tract. 105 in Joan. Prædestinata est ista humanæ naturæ tanta et tam celsa et summa subvectio, ut quo attolleretur, altius non haberet: sicut pro nobis ipsa divinitas, quousque se deponeret, humilius non habuit, quam suscepta natura hominis cum infirmitate carnis usque ad mortem crucis. AUG., lib. I de Prædest. sanct., c. 15. Est etiam præclarissimum lumen prædestinationis et gratiæ ipse mediator Dei et hominum homo Christus Jesus, etc., usque ad ut qui futurus erat secundum carnem filius David, esset in virtute Filius Dei. Mortuorum Jesu Christi. Christi pro ejus vel suorum, proprium nomen pro pronomine posuit more Hebraico, quæ locutio in Scripturis præcipue veteribus est usitatissima, ut: Fecit Moyses sicut præcepit Dominus Moysi. CHRYS. Hoc est, non nos hoc virtute nostra præstitimus, quod apostoli simus, neque enim nostris multis sudoribus ac laboribus hanc dignitatem sortiti sumus, sed gratiam invenimus.

1.4 Who beforedestinatus it_is. AUG., Tract. 105 in/into/on Yohan Prædestinata it_is these_(ones) human of_nature such_a_great_deal and tam celsa and sum/total subvectio, as where atwould_be_removed, higher not/no would_have: like for us herself divinity, how_long himself deponeret, humilius not/no had, how suscepta nature/element of_man when/with weakness of_flesh until to death cross/frame. AUG., lib. I from/about Prædest. sanct., c. 15. It_is also beforeclarissimum the_light beforedestinationis and thanks exactly_that/himself mediator of_God and of_men human Christ/Messiah Yesus, etc., until to as who/which to_be was after/second the_flesh son David, was in/into/on by_virtue Son of_God. Mortuorum Yesu Christi. of_Christ for his or of_his_own, own name for pronomine put more Hebraico, which spokeo in/into/on Scripturis especially oldbus it_is usitatissima, as: He_did Moyses like ordered Master of_Moses. CHRYS. This it_is, not/no us this by_virtue our beforestitimus, that apostles we_are, nor because ours many sudoribus and labours this dignity sortiti we_are, but grace we_found.

UGNT τοῦ ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει κατὰ Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν,
(tou horisthentos Huiou Theou en dunamei kata Pneuma hagiōsunaʸs ex anastaseōs nekrōn, Yaʸsou Ⱪristou tou Kuriou haʸmōn,)

SBL-GNT τοῦ ὁρισθέντος υἱοῦ θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει κατὰ πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν,
(tou horisthentos huiou theou en dunamei kata pneuma hagiōsunaʸs ex anastaseōs nekrōn, Yaʸsou Ⱪristou tou kuriou haʸmōn,)

RP-GNT τοῦ ὁρισθέντος υἱοῦ θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει, κατὰ πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης, ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν, Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν,
(tou horisthentos huiou theou en dunamei, kata pneuma hagiōsunaʸs, ex anastaseōs nekrōn, Yaʸsou ⱪristou tou kuriou haʸmōn,)

TC-GNT τοῦ ὁρισθέντος υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει, κατὰ πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης, ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν,
(tou horisthentos huiou Theou en dunamei, kata pneuma hagiōsunaʸs, ex anastaseōs nekrōn, Yaʸsou Ⱪristou tou Kuriou haʸmōn, )

Key for above GNTs: yellow:punctuation differs (from our SR-GNT base).

SOTN SIL Open Translator’s Notes:

Section 1:1–7: Introduction

In this first section, Paul introduced himself and the gospel about Jesus. He also greeted the people to whom he was writing.

Before you begin to translate this section, consider what is the natural way to begin a letter in your language. Consider also how closely to follow that way in your translation.

Consider whether or not you want a section heading here. The GNT, for example, does not have one here. It is good to read or translate this section before you decide on a heading for it. Here are other possible headings for this section:

Paul introduced himself and the gospel about Jesus and greeted the Roman believers

Paul and His Message of Good News (CEV)

Paul began his letter to the Christians in Rome

1:4a

and who through the Spirit of holiness was declared with power to be the Son of God

And, with regard to the Spirit of holiness, he/Jesus was appointed by God as the Son of God in power
But, with reference to the Holy Spirit who purifies us^(incl), God designated him/Jesus as the Son of God in a new and powerful way
But/And, in connection with the Holy Spirit who makes us consecrated to God, God gave new power to his/Jesus’ position as his Son
(reordered) And he/Jesus was appointed by God as the Son of God in power with regard to the Spirit of holiness,
(reordered) And God designated him/Jesus as the Son of God in a new and powerful way, with reference to the Holy Spirit who purifies us^(incl),
(reordered) But/And he/God gave new power to his/Jesus’ position as his Son, in connection with the Holy Spirit who makes us consecrated to God,

and: Some languages may see Jesus’ status as God’s Son to contrast with his status as a human. For example:

But (NCV)

who…was declared with power to be the Son of God: There are two issues here:

Issue 1: Interpretation

There are three ways to interpret the Greek word that the RSV translates as was declared:

Here this word means appoint or designate. As his Son, God appointed Jesus to a new position of power and authority as Savior, Lord, and Judge. For example:
was appointed the Son-of-God-in-power (NET) (RSV, NJB, NIV11, NET, NABRE, NCV)
Here this word means declare. God made known to others who Jesus already was. For example:
who was declared the Son of God with power (NASB) (BSB, NIV, NASB, ESV, NRSV, KJV, REB, GW)
Here this word means show clearly or prove. God showed to others by some action who Jesus already was. For example:
he was shown with great power to be the Son of God (GNT) (GNT, CEV, NLT)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1), because the verb means “set limits” and the figurative use from that is “appoint.”Kittel (page 728). Cranfield (pages 61–62) says, “It came to be used very frequently with the meaning, ‘fix,’ ‘determine’, ‘appoint’; and this is the sense it has in all its other occurrences in the NT. No clear example, either earlier than, or contemporary with, the NT, of its use in the sense ‘declare’ or ‘show to be’ has been adduced.” The verb does not refer to a speech act such as “declare” or an act of proving something.

Issue 2: Connection of with power

There are several ways to interpret how the words with power connect to the rest of the sentence:

It connects to the words the Son of God. At the resurrection the Son of God had new power. For example:
was appointed the Son-of-God-in-powerThe NET uses hyphens (-) to show that those words with hyphens are connected to each other. (NET) (RSV, NJB, NIV11, NASB, NABRE, ESV, CEV, NET, KJV, NCV)
It connects to the Greek verb that means was declared. It indicates that God powerfully designated Jesus to be the Son of God. For example:
was declared with power to be the Son of God (NIV) (BSB, NIV, GNT, GW)
It connects to the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit worked powerfully when God designated Jesus to be the Son of God. For example:
he was shown to be the Son of God when he was raised from the dead by the power of the Holy Spirit (NLT) (NLT)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1), because it is the most natural connection in the Greek.Edwards (pages 29–30) says, “The resurrection, however, separates the two stages or time periods. It is a dividing line not in Jesus’ status as Son of God, but in his function as Son of God. As seed of David Jesus was the Son in humility; as Son of God in power he enters his role as exalted Lord. At the resurrection Jesus was constituted Son of God in power, whereas before the resurrection he had been Son of God in suffering. Thus, verses 3–4 are not about Jesus’ promotion or adoption as God’s Son. Both parts of the formula are regarding God’s Son (v.3), but God’s Son in two manifestations: as servant and Lord, in humiliation and exaltation, in earthly ministry and heavenly reign.” Cranfield, Fee, Fitzmyer, Hultgren, Matera, Moo, Morris, Nygren, Osborne, Schreiner, Stott, Talbert, Vanlaningham, Witherington, and Ziesler also support interpretation (1). Here are other ways to translate this phrase according to interpretation (1):

who was appointed the Son of God in a new and powerful way

was established as the empowered Son of God

was declared: This verb has the same subject as 1:3b: “the one” in the Greek. This clause indicates a second thing about the Son of God (1:3a). In some languages the subject must be repeated here. For example, the BSB supplies the word “who” at the beginning of 1:4a. This clause is also passive. Some languages must use an active clause here. For example:

God designated/appointed him

the Son of God: Here the phrase the Son of God refers to the same person as “his Son” in 1:3a. For example:

God’s Son/Child

God’s divine/heavenly Son

If you need to, see the note on “his Son” at 1:3 for more explanation.

through: There are two ways to interpret the Greek word that the BSB translates as through here:

It means according to or with regard to here. For example:
according to (RSV) (RSV, GNT, NJB, NASB, ESV, KJV, NET, REB, GW)
It means through or by means of here. For example:
through the Spirit of holiness (NIV) (BSB, NIV, NLT, NABRE, NCV)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) because the sense of meaning given in interpretation (2) is extremely rare and the context is not correct for it here.The only phrase in the entire Greek New Testament which interprets kata with accusative case as “through” or “by means of” occurs in Matthew 1:20, 2:12, 2:13, 2:19, 2:22, and 27:19. The same phrase “in a dream” (kat onar) occurs in each of these six verses. But the use of kata here does not involve a dream. Cranfield (page 64) says, “we are inclined to think that the most probable explanation is that which (taking kata as meaning ‘according to’) understands the phrase to refer to the Holy Spirit, who, as given by the exalted Christ, is the manifestation of His power and majesty, and so the guarantee of his having been appointed Son of God in might.” Young (pages 98–99) says, “The idea of ‘with regard to’ is expressed by kata with the accusative in Romans 1:3–4.” Young also does not include “means” as an option for any occurrence of kata. Also see Fee (pages 480–481). Here are other ways to translate the Greek word that the BSB translates as through:

as to (GNT)

with reference to

in terms of (NJB)

The same phrase “according to” is used in 1:3b. If possible, translate “according to” the same in both places.

the Spirit of holiness: There are four ways to interpret the phrase the Spirit of holiness here:

Here the word Spirit refers to God’s Spirit (the Holy Spirit), and the words of holiness indicates that he causes believers to be holy (or caused Jesus to be holy while he was on earth). For example:
the Spirit of holiness (RSV) (BSB, RSV, NIV, NJB, NASB, ESV, NCV)
Here the word Spirit refers to God’s Spirit, and the words of holiness indicates that he is holy. For example:
the Holy Spirit (NET) (NET, REB, CEV, NLT)
Here the word Spirit indicates that Jesus is God and the words of holiness indicates that Jesus is holy. For example:
his divine holiness (GNT) (GNT)
Here the word Spirit refers to Jesus’ own human spirit, and the words of holiness indicates that his spirit is characterized by holiness. For example:
the spirit of holiness (NRSV) (NRSV, GW, NABRE, KJV)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1), because the Greek word translated of holiness here is not the normal word used in the phrase “Holy Spirit.” Something more than the normal meaning of “Holy Spirit” seems indicated here.Cranfield (page 64) says, “Paul may well have used hagiōsunēs in order to bring out specially the thought of sanctification.” Jewett (page 107) says, “The key to the new ethic is giving oneself as a holy sacrifice for others (12:1). In this sense, the insertion of the term ‘holiness’ prepares the reader for a major emphasis in the letter.” There are several instances in Paul’s writings of the phrase “the Spirit who gives/supplies [something].” Interpretation (1) is another instance of a phrase like that. See John 15:26, Rom 8:2, Eph 1:17, 2 Tim 1:7.

the Spirit: Here the word Spirit refers to the Spirit of God, usually called the Holy Spirit. Use the same word for Spirit as you have in other books where you have translated “Holy Spirit” (for example: Matthew 1:18, Mark 1:8, Luke 1:15, or John 1:33).

of: The word of here can indicate that:

The Spirit causes believers to be holy.See Wallace (page 106) genitive of product [which produces]. He mentions Romans 1:5 “(perhaps)” as an example of this genitive category. He does not list Romans 1:5 under any other genitive category. He lists “the God of hope” (Romans 15:13), “the God of peace” (Romans 15:33), and “the God of steadfastness and of encouragement” (Romans 15:5) as clear examples of the genitive of product. Therefore, it makes good sense to include “the Spirit of holiness” under this category.
The Spirit is characterized by holiness.See Wallace (page 79), descriptive genitive. He also says that this category should only be used when no other category fits. But the descriptive genitive is possible here.

Here the Greek language allows either interpretation, as does the English word of. If possible translate in a way that allows either interpretation. But if you must choose, choose interpretation (1).Fee (page 484) says, “the Spirit who gives/supplies holiness…anticipates much of the argument of the rest of the letter…. If Christ is both the content and therefore the source of the gospel, offering ‘God’s righteousness’ freely to all who trust him, then the Spirit…is not simply the Holy Spirit, but the Spirit of holiness itself—the one who effects the ‘righteousness of God’ in the lives of the believing community, Jew and Gentile together, in terms of their individual and corporate behavior.” Moo (on TW), Jewett (pages 106–107), and Wallace (pages 250–251) also support interpretation (1). For example:

he/who produces

he/who causes

holiness: Here the Greek word that the BSB translates as holiness refers to living a good, morally pure life and being free from sin. The Holy Spirit causes believers to live this kind of life.Moo (on TW) says that the new era is “characterized by righteousness, life, and the…gift of the Holy Spirit.” Jewett (pages 106–107) says that “holiness” is about moral obligations, and that “such obligations are developed at length in Romans 5–8. In this sense, the insertion of the term ‘holiness’ prepares the reader for a major emphasis in the letter.” Here are other ways to translate it:

be set apart from sin

spiritual purity

moral integrity in us

us to depart from evil

1:4b

by His resurrection from the dead:

from the resurrection of him from the dead.
by the means of raising him to life again from the dead.
when he/God caused him to leave the spirits of dead people and be alive again.

by: Here the Greek word that the BSB translates as by is literally “from.” Here it probably indicates that God raising Jesus from the dead was the way that God appointed him as the powerful Son of God. Here are other ways to translate this word:

through

by means of

It is also possible that “from” means “when” or “because” here. But by seems most likely.Fee (page 481) says, “Jesus came from the lineage of David (and) was declared Son of God with power from (=stemming from; on the basis of) his resurrection from the dead.” Also, 8:11 indicates that the Spirit is the means by which God raised Jesus from the dead (Kruse, page 46).

His resurrection from the dead: The BSB adds the word His here. It is implied from the context. God made Jesus alive again after he was dead. He raised Jesus back to life out from among those who are dead. Here are other ways to translate this phrase:

he was raised from death (CEV)

raising him from the dead

causing him to live again after he had died

When God caused Jesus to live again, he had the same identity that he had before he died. The same thing is true for this word in the Bible when referring to other people. The Greek word “anastasis” and the English word resurrection do not imply that a person will live again as a different person or as an animal.

from the dead: The word from here indicates that God makes a dead person alive and takes him away from the place where the spirits of dead people live.Wallace (pages 107–109). For example:

out of the realm of the dead

Also see the examples above.

1:4c

Jesus Christ our Lord.

That person is Jesus, the Christ/Messiah, our^(incl) Lord.
He is our Master/Leader Jesus, the Deliverer/Rescuer!

This phrase names who the “Son of God” (1:4a) is. In the Greek and the BSB the sentence continues from 1:4b. In some languages, making that connection explicit here would be more natural or more clear. For example:

the Son of God is Jesus Christ our Lord

In the Greek and the BSB, the sentence continues from 1:4b. In some languages beginning a new sentence would be more natural or more clear. For example:

He is Jesus Christ our Lord

Jesus Christ our Lord: In some languages it may be more natural to use a different order for the words here. For example:

our Lord Jesus Christ (GNT)

the Messiah Jesus, he/who is our Lord

Jesus Christ: Remember that Christ is a title, not Jesus’ last name. See how you translated Christ in 1:1.

our Lord: By using the word our, Paul indicated a relationship between Jesus and Paul as well as those who believe in him.

Lord: This word refers to someone who has authority over people. Here it indicates that Jesus has authority over believers. Here are other ways to translate this word:

Chief/Leader

the Sovereign

General Comment on 1:3a–4d

Some English versions move 1:4c, “Jesus Christ our Lord” to directly after 1:3a, “concerning his Son.” They do this in order to clearly connect his name and title to the phrase “his Son.” Consider where the best place is to put 1:4c in your language. For example:

³It is about his Son, our Lord Jesus Christ: as to his humanity, he was born a descendant of David; ⁴as to his divine holiness, he was shown with great power to be the Son of God by being raised from death. (GNT)

^3–4The Good News is about God’s Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. As a man, he was born from the family of David. But through the Spirit of holiness he was appointed to be God’s Son with great power by rising from the dead. (NCV)

If you move 1:4c to after 1:3a, then combine the verse numbering to ^3–4.

UTN uW Translation Notes:

Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / infostructure

τοῦ ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει κατὰ Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν

¬which ˓having_been˒_designated ˓the˒_Son ˱of˲_God in power the (Some words not found in SR-GNT: τοῦ ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει κατά Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν)

In this verse, Paul places these phrases in the order he wants to emphasize. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, as in the UST.

Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / activepassive

τοῦ ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ

¬which ˓having_been˒_designated ˓the˒_Son ˱of˲_God

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that God did it. Alternate translation: [whom God designated as the Son of God]

Note 3 topic: guidelines-sonofgodprinciples

Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ

˓the˒_Son ˱of˲_God

Son of God is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus.

Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / explicit

ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει

˓having_been˒_designated ˓the˒_Son ˱of˲_God in power

Here, in power could refer to: (1) the means by which God designated Jesus as the Son of God. Alternate translation: [who was designated the Son of God by means of power] (2) a new level of power God gave to the Son of God. Alternate translation: [who was designated as the powerful Son of God]

Note 5 topic: figures-of-speech / possession

Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης

Spirit ˱of˲_holiness

Paul is using the possessive form to describe God’s Spirit that is characterized by holiness. This refers to the Holy Spirit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression, as in the UST.

Note 6 topic: figures-of-speech / abstractnouns

ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν

by ˓the˒_resurrection ˱of˲_˓the˒_dead

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of resurrection, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: [by being resurrected from the dead ones]

Note 7 topic: figures-of-speech / idiom

νεκρῶν

˱of˲_˓the˒_dead

Here, the phrase translated of dead ones refers to dead people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: [from among dead people]

Note 8 topic: figures-of-speech / possession

νεκρῶν

˱of˲_˓the˒_dead

Paul is using the possessive form to describe the place from where Jesus was resurrected. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: [from death] or [from among the dead ones]

Note 9 topic: figures-of-speech / exclusive

ἡμῶν

˱of˲_us

Here, our refers to all Christians, so it is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms.

Parallel ROM 1:4

Section 1:1–7: Introduction

1:4a

1:4b

1:4c

General Comment on 1:3a–4d