OET interlinear MARK 7:3

7:3–4

7:3–4 is background information. These verses are Mark’s explanation of the Jewish custom of ceremonial hand-washing. Mark explained this custom to help his Gentile audience understand the story better. Some other translations have parentheses around these verses. You should use whatever is natural in your language to show that these verses are explanatory background information.

7:3a

Now: The Greek conjunction that the BSB translates as Now introduces background information about ceremonial hand-washing. Here is another way to translate it:

For (RSV)

in holding to the tradition of the elders: The phrase in holding to the tradition of the elders may be connected to 7:3b–c in various ways:

• It may express the purpose or motivation for ceremonially washing their hands. For example:

  in order to keep the traditions of the elders

  in obedience to ancient tradition (REB)

• It may express the result of ceremonially washing their hands. For example, the NRSV says:

  thus observing the tradition of the elders

• The clause relationship may be left implicit. For example, the GW starts a new sentence:

  They follow the traditions of their ancestors.

You may follow any of these options. See the General Comment on 7:3a–c below.

holding: The Greek word the BSB translates as holding literally means to “grab hold of, seize, hold tightly.” Here Mark used this word in a figurative sense to mean “following” or “obeying.” Mark used this word to show that the Pharisees and those like them closely followed the traditions or customs of the Jewish elders.

Here are some other ways to translate this:

carefully following

obey (CEV)

the tradition of the elders: The phrase the tradition of the elders refers to the religious rules that the Pharisees taught. Over the years, the Pharisees made many religious rules/laws. The Pharisees said that following these rules was as important as following the law of Moses. People called these added rules the tradition of the elders.

Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

the rules of the elders

the teachings of their forefathers

elders: The word elders refers here to Jewish religious leaders of previous generations who taught these rules to the Jews of following generations. Some examples of other ways to say elders are:

ancestors (GNT)

forefathers

7:3b-c

the Pharisees and all the Jews do not eat until they wash their hands ceremonially: There is a textual issue in this verse:

1. Most Greek manuscripts have a Greek idiom that literally means with a fist. This refers to washing in a specific, ceremonial or customary way. For example the GNT says:

   they do not eat unless they wash their hands in the proper way (BSB, NIV, GNT, GW, CEV, NET, JBP, NCV, NLT, NJB)

2. Some Greek manuscripts have a word that literally means often or thoroughly. For example, the NRSV says:

   [they] do not eat unless they thoroughly wash their hands (NRSV, KJV, NASB)

3. Some Greek manuscripts do not have either expression. For example, the RSV says:

   do not eat unless they wash their hands (RSV, REB, ESV)

It is recommended that you follow option (1), since it has the support of the majority of manuscripts. These include some of the oldest and most reliable manuscripts. Also, most English versions follow this option.

7:3b

the Pharisees and all the Jews: The Pharisees were themselves Jews. So in some languages it may be necessary to translate this as:

For the Pharisees, as well as the rest of the Jews (GNT)

The Jews, especially the Pharisees (NLT)

Pharisees: The Pharisees were a Jewish religious group or party. See the note on Pharisees at 7:1a.

all: The word all in this context is a hyperbole. Mark did not mean that all Jews without exception followed the ritual hand-washing regulations. He meant that this was a custom that was generally followed by Jews.Gundry (page 349) identifies “all” specifically as a hyperbole. Several commentators mention that the common people would not have followed these regulations very carefully. However, it was common among authors of that time to make generalizations of this nature, especially when writing to people of other backgrounds (France page 281, Guelich pages 363–364, Lane page 245, Lenski page 283).

If your language uses hyperbole, you may be able to use a word like all. If people in your area will not understand this as hyperbole, you may want to refer to the Jews in general, as the NLT does.

the Jews: The word Jews here refers to the followers of the Jewish religion. The word comes from the name of their ancestor Judah, the great-grandson of Abraham.

If you do not have a word in your language for Jews, you could form a word based on the Hebrew name “Yehuda” (Judah). You could also borrow the term from a major language translation used in your area. Use the form or phrase your language naturally uses for names of tribes called after a common ancestor. For example:

Yahudi (Arabic)

do not eat: In some languages it may be natural to provide an explicit object for the verb eat. See the note on eating at 7:2a.

7:3c

until they wash their hands ceremonially: This phrase states what the Jews always did before they ate their meals. They always washed their hands first.

Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

until they have first ceremonially washed their hands

[never eat] before washing their hands in a special way (NCV)

ceremonially: The Greek expression that the BSB translates as ceremonially is an idiom that literally means “with a fist.” It refers to washing in a specific, ceremonial way. However, scholars are not certain of the actual method of washing that is described here.This idiom occurs only here in the New Testament. Proposed meanings include: “turning one fist inside the hollow of the other hand,” “up to the wrist/elbow,” and “with a handful of water.” Hiebert (pages 171–175) gives a good summary of these methods. There are at least two ways to translate this idiom: