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Prov C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31

Prov 28 V1 V2 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 V11 V12 V13 V14 V15 V16 V17 V18 V19 V20 V21 V22 V23 V24 V25 V26 V27 V28

OET interlinear PROV 28:3

◄ ← PROV 28:3 ↓ → ► ║ ©

Hebrew word order

    1. Hebrew word
    2. Hebrew lemma
    3. OET-LV words
    4. OET-RV words
    5. Strongs
    6. Role/Morphology
    7. Gloss
    8. CAPS codes
    9. OET tags
    10. OET word #
    1. גֶּבֶר
    2. 397236
    3. A man
    4. -
    5. 1397
    6. S-Ncmsa
    7. a_man
    8. S
    9. Y-700
    10. 277166
    1. רָשׁ
    2. 397237
    3. poor
    4. -
    5. 7326
    6. V-Vqrmsa
    7. poor
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277167
    1. וְ,עֹשֵׁק
    2. 397238,397239
    3. and one who oppresses
    4. ≈but oppresses
    5. 6231
    6. SV-C,Vqrmsa
    7. and,[one_who]_oppresses
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277168
    1. דַּלִּים
    2. 397240
    3. poor people
    4. -
    5. 1800
    6. O-Aampa
    7. poor_[people]
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277169
    1. מָטָר
    2. 397241
    3. rain
    4. -
    5. 4306
    6. P-Ncmsa
    7. rain
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277170
    1. סֹחֵף
    2. 397242
    3. which prostrates
    4. -
    5. 5502
    6. P-Vqrmsa
    7. [which]_prostrates
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277171
    1. וְ,אֵין
    2. 397243,397244
    3. and there +is not
    4. -
    5. 369
    6. SP-C,Tn
    7. and,there_[is]_not
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277172
    1. לָחֶם
    2. 397245
    3. food
    4. -
    5. 3899
    6. S-Ncbsa
    7. food
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277173
    2. 397246
    3. -
    4. -
    6. -x-sof-pasuq
    8. -
    9. -
    10. 277174

OET (OET-LV) A_man poor and_one_who_oppresses poor_people rain which_prostrates and_there_is_not food.

OET (OET-RV) Someone who’s poor but oppresses other poor people,
 ⇔ is like driving rain when you have nothing to eat.

SIL Open Translator’s Notes:

Section 25:1–29:27: This is Hezekiah’s collection of Solomon’s proverbs

This section is the second collection of Solomon’s proverbs. These proverbs were organized and copied by men who served King Hezekiah. Most scholars divide this section into two groups. These groups differ in several ways.

The first group (chapters 25–27) has many more comparisons and admonitions. In Hebrew, most of these comparisons are metaphors in which one or more illustrations precede the topic. Some English versions change the order so that the topic precedes the illustration(s). You should follow the order that expresses the meaning naturally and effectively in your language.

In the first group, many proverbs are one verse long. As with the individual proverbs in the main collection of Solomon’s proverbs (Section 10:1–22:16), they are not related to the proverbs around them. Other proverbs in this group are two or more verses long. Still others are one-verse proverbs that are closely related in theme. Proverbs in all three categories will be marked as separate paragraphs.

The second group (chapters 28–29) has more contrastive proverbs. The proverbs in this group are each one verse long. They will not be marked as separate paragraphs.

Some other headings for this section are:

More Proverbs of Solomon (NIV)

Proverbs of Solomon Collected by Hezekiah (NET)

These are also wise things that Solomon said

28:3

The ESV has been used as the source line because it follows the textual recommendation in 28:3a.

3aA poor man who oppresses the poor (ESV)

3bis a beating rain that leaves no food. (ESV)

This proverb compares a poor man who oppresses other poor people to a rainstorm that destroys the crops. In this proverb, the first line is the topic of a metaphor. The second line is the illustration. The similarity between the topic and the illustration is that both cause hardship and destruction.

28:3a

A destitute leader who oppresses the poor

(ESV) A poor man who oppresses the poor: There is a textual difference in the first phrase of this line:

  1. The Masoretic Text (MT) has: “a poor man.” For example:

    A poor person (NET) (CEV, ESV, GW, KJV, NASB, NET, NJPS, NLT, RSV)

  2. Some scholars think that the original text was “a ruler.”The suggested word (roš) has a similar form to the MT word (raš) but has a different vowel. For example:

    A ruler (NRSV) (BSB, NCV, NIV, NRSV, REB, GNT)

  3. The LXX has: “a wicked man.”Waltke (p. 395) and Kidner (p. 169) use the general word “wicked” as a translation for this term in the LXX. Commentaries and back translations of the LXX differ widely. A more literal translation based on a combination of the LXX (NETS) and LXX (Swete) and the NET footnote (a) is “One who is bold/valiant as to ungodly deeds” (or “impieties”). For example:

    The wicked (NJB) (NJB)

It is recommended that you follow option (1), along with most versions and scholars. The reason that some scholars think that the original word was “ruler” is that in Proverbs, it is usually rich people and wicked rulers who oppress the poor. These scholars think that a poor person is not likely to oppress other poor people.Commentaries that support (2) or (3) include Delitzsch, Ross, Hubbard, and McKane. The last three all think that an oppressor would have to be someone in a position of authority. However, there is no textual evidence that any ancient Hebrew manuscript had a word for “ruler” in this verse. Many scholars point out that in actual life, a very poor person will often cause hardship and suffering to other people of low status like himself.Commentaries that support the MT include Waltke, Fox, Longman, Whybray, Murphy, Kidner, Barnes, and Cohen. For detailed reasons, see Fox (p. 820), Longman (p. 488), Whybray (pp. 389–390), and Kidner (p. 169).

(ESV) A poor man…the poor: In Hebrew, the first word for poor sometimes emphasizes extreme poverty. A person who is poor has no money or other resources to rely on. The second word refers more generally to people who lack material things. They belong to one of the lower social classes.In Hebrew, the first word is raš. The second word is the plural form of dal. In this context, no contrast is intended between these two words. They both refer to the same group of people.

In some languages, it will be appropriate to use a general word such as “poor” for both terms, as many English versions have done. In other languages, it may be more effective to use one or more words that emphasize a specific aspect of poverty. For example:

A poor man…the lowly (NASB)

A poor person…people who lack possessions/money

Someone who is extremely poor…other people who have low status

See the note on 10:4a and the footnote there for information on the other words for “poor” in Proverbs.

(ESV) oppresses: This word means “causes hardship or suffering for people of low status.” A poor person may “oppress” others when he:

  1. forces them to work overly hard;

  2. cheats them by giving them low wages;

  3. charges them an unfair price in the marketplace.

Some other ways to translate oppresses are:

withholds what is due (NJPS)

mistreats (CEV)

causes hardship/suffering

28:3b

is like a driving rain that leaves no food.

(ESV) is a beating rain that leaves no food: In Hebrew, this line is more literally “rain that washes away and there is no bread.” It refers to a rainstorm that ruins a crop growing in the fields or a crop that has already been harvested. As a result, there is no food.

This line is the illustration of a metaphor. Some other ways to translate the metaphor are:

uW Translation Notes:

Note 1 topic: figures-of-speech / genericnoun

גֶּ֣בֶר

man

A man here refers to this type of person in general, not a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person”

Note 2 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

דַּלִּ֑ים

poor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in [10:15](../10/15.md).

Note 3 topic: figures-of-speech / metaphor

מָטָ֥ר סֹ֝חֵ֗ף וְ⁠אֵ֣ין לָֽחֶם

rain driving and,there_[is]_not food

Here Solomon refers to A man who is poor and who oppresses the lowly ones as if that person were a rain that washes away. The point is that both are destructive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is very destructive” or “is like rain that washes away, and there is no bread”

Note 4 topic: figures-of-speech / explicit

סֹ֝חֵ֗ף

driving

Here Solomon implies that the rain washes away all the crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that washes all the crops away”

Note 5 topic: grammar-connect-logic-result

וְ⁠אֵ֣ין

and,there_[is]_not

Here, and indicates that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “and it results in their being no”

Note 6 topic: figures-of-speech / synecdoche

לָֽחֶם

food

See how you translated the same use of bread in [9:5](../09/05.md).

OET-LV English word order (‘Reverse’ interlinear)

    1. OET-LV words
    2. OET-RV words
    3. Strongs
    4. Hebrew word
    5. Hebrew lemma
    6. Role/Morphology
    7. Gloss
    8. CAPS codes
    9. OET tags
    10. OET word #
    1. A man
    2. -
    3. 1433
    5. 397236
    6. S-Ncmsa
    8. S
    9. Y-700
    10. 277166
    1. poor
    2. -
    3. 7395
    5. 397237
    6. V-Vqrmsa
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277167
    1. and one who oppresses
    2. ≈but oppresses
    3. 1987,6026
    5. 397238,397239
    6. SV-C,Vqrmsa
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277168
    1. poor people
    2. -
    3. 1704
    5. 397240
    6. O-Aampa
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277169
    1. rain
    2. -
    3. 4684
    5. 397241
    6. P-Ncmsa
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277170
    1. which prostrates
    2. -
    3. 5430
    5. 397242
    6. P-Vqrmsa
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277171
    1. and there +is not
    2. -
    3. 1987,500
    5. 397243,397244
    6. SP-C,Tn
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277172
    1. food
    2. -
    3. 3759
    5. 397245
    6. S-Ncbsa
    8. -
    9. Y-700
    10. 277173

OET (OET-LV) A_man poor and_one_who_oppresses poor_people rain which_prostrates and_there_is_not food.

OET (OET-RV) Someone who’s poor but oppresses other poor people,
 ⇔ is like driving rain when you have nothing to eat.

Note: The OET-RV is still only a first draft, and so far only a few words have been (mostly automatically) matched to the Hebrew or Greek words that they’re translated from.

Acknowledgements: The Hebrew text, lemmas, and morphology are all thanks to the OSHB and some of the glosses are from Macula Hebrew.OET logo mark

◄ ← PROV 28:3 ↑ → ► ║ ©